AD ALTA
JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN ECONOMIC TERMS IN FOCUS ON EVALUATION
METHODS OF NATURAL CAPITAL
a
SYLVIE KOTÍKOVÁ
Faculty of Economics, Technical University of Liberec,
Voroněžská 13, 406 01 Liberec
email:
a
sylvie.kotikova@tul.cz
Abstract: The contribution presents the concept of the environment and natural
resources protection in terms of different theoretical economic theories with a focus on
the concept of neoclassical environmental economics, which are based on the
fundamental principles of environmental valuation. The article describes the selected
main methods of valuation the environment and natural capital, their characteristics
and application examples, incl. the concept of total economic value of the
environment.
Keywords: Contingent valuation method, Hedonic prices method, Hessen´s method,
neoclassical environmental economics, the total economic value, travel cost method.
1 The environment from the perspective of economic theory
Using of natural resources and environmental protection are
often discussed topics not only in the natural but also in the
social sciences. It is a general issue that has an influence on
many spheres and concerns everyone. Important role in this area
is economics, which deals with the allocation of scarce resources
and also the behaviour of people in relation to these goods.
Within economics, however, there are different theoretical
orientations to explain the ecological issues and recommendation
connected with appropriate approaches and using of natural
resources is different.
Neoclassical environmental economics, market-based
approaches to environmental protection, economical ecology,
economic and environmental institutional economics can be
considered four main economic schools of thought that deal with
human behaviour in relation to natural resources. All four
theories of environmental protection have a relatively short
history. Therefore, they follow historical school of economic
thought which preceded them.
Neoclassical environmental economics as a separate a scientific
discipline within economics emerged came into existence in the
60s of the 20th century. It is a period when environmental
problems began to attribute greater importance to the field of the
international political agenda. Using neoclassical models based
on the assumption of perfect competition and zero transaction
costs, was firstly determined the optimal rate of environmental
pollution in the US and then this direction gradually began to
influence environmental policy of other countries (Vatn, 2005).
In the same period also gave birth to a number of ecological
groups whose common idea became resistance against economic
growth. It was considered by most economists as beneficial up to
that time. Environmentalists questioned the economic growth,
because of exhaustibility of natural resources, as a criterion for
the prosperity of society. The main cause was, according to
them, the orientation on human preferences and values (eg.
Anthropocentric approach) only and also ignorance of internal
value of nature. Supporters of these ideas have created an
alternative to the neoclassical environmental economics and
during the 70s the foundations so called Ecological economics
were laid so. Ecological economics sought to define and design
tools to achieve sustainable development in intergenerational
solidarity.
In the 90s of the 20th century, was created ecological
institutional economics based on the ideas of the Austrian school
that dealt with determining the right institutions to achieve
effective and long-term using of natural resources. Austrian
school also had a strong influence on other school of thought -
eg. market-based approaches to environmental protection. One
of the basic features of the Austrian school is critique of state
intervention in the functioning of the market, followers of the
Austrian school point out the negative approach of the
Government in the field of ecology and using restrictions, taxes
and other regulations as well. Natural resources according to
representatives of these ideas may not necessarily be in public
ownership, if there is a precise definition of property rights.
Even natural resources can be traded, since the environmental
policy of the state is not a prerequisite for ensuring the quality of
the environment (Van den Bergh, 2000).
At the present, the neoclassical environmental economics
(environmental economics) is the main direction within
disciplines linking economics to environmental protection. Its
main recommendations for the protection of natural resources
are formulated on the basis of comparison of perfect competition
model and the real world. In this way, market failures are
determined. By correcting these failures with using of
government regulation, the situation is returned to the point of
optimum. The concepts of neoclassical environmental economics
are also based on the basic principles of valuing the
environment, which are the subject of the last chapter of this
document (Farský and Ritschelová, 2010).
2 Principles of economic valuation of environmental
resources
The valuation of any items, services, goods is comparison with
the costs of the farm with the willingness to pay. Much more
difficult is the valuation of such goods for which markets do not
exist, as is currently the case in nature. Contemporary science is
aware that natural resources and ecosystems are a prerequisite
for life.
The nature has always been understood as a mean to live and
survive. As long as was the sparse population on the Planet,
there were not any problems with using of natural resources. The
situation began to change dramatically in the 20th century, due
to the fact that increasing population density and human
activities began to change its character.
The nature and its resources can be divided into two main
groups. The first group consists of material resources - soil,
forests, minerals and others that are used in economies as objects
of market and property relations. In economics, they are
comprehensively referred to as natural resources.
In addition, the nature creates conditions for maintaining of life.
This includes the atmosphere, oceans, sunshine, plants and
animal species and all connections between them. This covers
99% of all plants and animal species that are not economically
exploited. These resources, which still remain outside the
economic system and are the most often used as free and open
resources can be described as so called environmental resources
(Moldan, 1997).
The expression economic valuation or economic value is
patterned on mainstream economics of the individual's
willingness to pay for a good or service, or willingness to pay for
the exclusion of certain costs, eg. health hazards resulting from
bad environment.
The economic value according to mainstream economics
represents valuation of something useful which is either acquired
or lost from the perspective of the current generation. This scale
resulting from change in environmental quality is called the total
economic value of the environment (Šimíčková, 2002).
The authors diverge from terms concerning valuation of the
environment very often. Some use term of valuation of
environment, the others economic evaluation of nature. Even in
the concept of total economic value they are not unanimous.
Some of them use overall economic value of environmental
goods or total economic value of the environmental quality etc.
Economic evaluation is in the concept of contemporary
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