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JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
close ones tended to express certain worries or even concerns in
connection with her possible future participation in politics.
These result from the nature of the politics, which they
considered "inappropriate for women". Their response is
therefore clearly based on stereotypes according to which
women are too fragile to participate in politics. Their doubts did
not let the female – politician give in. The testimonies of
respondents, however, indicated that all but one have never met
with some negative reactions of community to what post they
hold as women. This might also be caused by the fact that they
all operate in the region, where the representation of women in
municipal politics is relatively large. This is mainly in the
district of Krupina
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, which is known by persistently high share
of women in the post of Mayor. This state probably doesn’t
come strange or unusual to any of their male - colleagues, and
they accept it.
Three of the respondents with regard to the specifics of their
profession directly mentioned the tolerance of their closest ones
in the questionnaires, as it significantly facilitates and fosters the
execution of their function. The most notable seemed to be
husbands’ forbearance as for them wives’ public activity often
means a considerable interference with their private life. One of
the respondents described it as follows: "(...) without the
assistance of my husband, I would probably not handle the
function of mayor. He is tolerant, understanding and willing to
help. Can I rely on him in every aspect. "
In questionnaires was also detected as a source of stress the
relationship between political function and the raising of minor
children itself. What attitude female – politicians have towards
the possibility to adapt the exercise of political function with the
care of children, is largely related to their own experiences. Up
to seven of addressed municipal female-politicians either
explicitly or implicitly stated that the decisive factor that affects
coping of political work and family responsibilities is exactly the
age of the child. One of the respondents assessed this state in the
context of the stated like this: “My life has changed dramatically
after taking the office (...). I am divorced, my son is independent,
so my time is not limited by family. In mayoresses’ families with
small children, this work requires a great tolerance of partners.
Family life is completely marked by our work.” Those women
who had at the time of their duty minor children, described the
alignment of political activity with childcare as challenging and
based on concessions on both spheres - private and public. Two
of the addressed women said expressly that they entered politics
only after their children become adults, and they no longer had
the duty to care for them. It is quite a logical step, moreover,
accepted by the society as female - politicians whose behavior is
beyond the socially accepted standards leading to evasion of
traditional gender roles, is many times criticized by individuals
privately and publicly.
Statements of the majority of addressed women (six adressed
women) also it indicated that for their time busyness, in some
cases husbands themselves had to take over part of family duties.
One of the addressed women even spontaneously stated that her
husband had to do some housework, which, until then, he did so
only occasionally. It is reasonable to assume that with such a
change in the division of housework each partner might not
agree, which may result in a larger and more open conflict
between the political activities of woman and her family life.
However, such case was not recorded in present research.
Despite the help of individual family members in coping with
family life from the part of mayors, however, responsibility for
the private sphere largely remains their responsibility, although
perhaps to a lesser extent than before starting a political career.
One mayor commented as follows: “(...) After taking office, I
certainly dedicate less time to my family and housework. I
compensate it at least during the weekend, when I try to spend
free time with family or doing housework.”
23
SITA: V
okrese Krupina aj po voľbách prevyšujú ženy starostky mužov. [online].
2014 [cit. 2015-11-11] Available at http://www.teraz.sk/regiony/v-okrese-krupina-aj-
po-volbach-zeny/107976-clanok.html
Described facts indicate that in many Slovak families a woman
is still largely responsible for the private sphere, and that she
accepts this role. Part of female - politicians is therefore
undergoing a double burden. They participate in activities in the
public sphere and at the same time it is still expected from them
to fully perform unpaid work at home as a partner, wife or
mother. Heavy burden in the private sphere can be a significant
limitation for women, whether in individual spending of free
time or in completing various representation duties stemming
from the exercise of their functions. This way, they are
disadvantaged compared with their male colleagues who are
confronted with such social expectations for the redistribution of
their time.
The questionnaires show that addressed mayoresses do clearly
recognize more difficult situation of women in politics.
Interesting, however, was that although municipal female -
politicians tended to draw attention to the described injustice in
unequal conditions between women and men, they considered
quite obvious that the burden of caring for family and household
remains on themselves. Questionnaires also did not disclose any
idea about the equal responsibility of male partners for raising
children and caring for the home. Respondents obviously got
familiar with known gender stereotypes prevalent in our society
with unwanted efforts to interpret them further. Strong social
acceptance of such stereotypes can discourage women from
achieving political career, because such work is seen as
conflicting with their "priority" role.
The questionnaire information have also demonstrated that
female – politicians don’t consider municipal politics as their
normal employment, but rather as a public service aimed at
helping people in their village. Respondents also did not give
much importance to almost any career prospects associated with
the exercise of public functions, by which they completely
excluded themselves from the eventual promotion to higher
politics. To the possibility to apply for higher political function
was answered either by resignation or by total dismissal.
Certainly important part here was the possibility to be near the
family and at least partially reconcile work and family life,
which could only be done limitedly on higher position. Although
women in the village are close to their family, to think that they
would thus be able to devote to both private and public life,
would be wrong.
Conclusion
From the research we carried out, as the biggest obstacle to
women's participation in politics emerged the care for the family
and household, exactly in accordance to traditional gender
stereotypes. These stereotypes sighting the role of women
especially in the private sphere certainly complicate the exercise
of political function. Women who want to get involved publicly,
in vast majority have to still handle all family matters. Thus,
they are career - disadvantaged compared to their male
colleagues, whose responsibilities associated with family are not
as strong and therefore they have more opportunities to build a
political background. Women thus do not even consider higher
political functions, because apparently only the position of
mayor in the municipality where they live, ensures them a
sustainable contact with the family.
Seeking a remedy leading to a higher representation of women in
politics at all levels shall not be easy. Namely it’s a profound
cultural change and its enforcement shall require targeted efforts
of many public officials, as well as educational system, the
media and also the public itself. However, never should be
forgotten that important is not only how women are accepted,
but also how do they accept themselves. And that may be
another problem.
Literature:
1. BITUŠÍKOVA, A.: Ženy v
občianskom a politickom živote na
Slovensku. Banská Bystrica: Ústav vedy a výskumu Univerzity
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