AD ALTA
JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
THE MANAGEMENT OF SUCCESSION STRATEGY - INTERGENERATIONAL CHALLENGE
a
NADĚŽDA PETRŮ,
b
DAGMAR JAKUBÍKOVÁ
University of West Bohemia in Pilsen, Faculty of Economics
Husova 11, 306 14 Pilsen Czech Republic
a
petru.nada@seznam.cz,
b
dagmar.jakubikova@seznam.cz
Abstract: The successful management of a succession strategy is a big challenge for
family businesses. According to a global PwC survey, only 16% of family businesses
have a written succession plan. Others do not plan it at all, or they consider it as an act
of personal transfer of the company from the founder to the successor. In the real
practice, however, it is a process which requires the same discipline and objectivity as
any other aspect of business decision-making. Succession is always an emotional
matter, which is all the more reason why it should be approached professionally rather
than individually. The paper aims to demonstrate that the management of succession
strategy is a long-term process through the collection of the theoretical foundations of
the issue and through provided case studies.
Keywords: family business, succession, knowledge, strategy.
1 Introduction
A family business is well-established, traditional form of
business in developed economies. It is perceived as stable,
credible and important for society. In addition to the economic
security of the families, it strengthens family ties and the
cohesion of individual family members. Among other things, it
encourages family members to better and more efficient use of
their abilities, knowledge, skills, know-how - therefore of all
their talents for the promotion of family business activities. An
important aspect of the family business is trust. People are more
confident in families. They rely on themselves, take on joint
responsibility and risks. They are more loyal to the company.
They transmit their experience, knowledge, and tradition from
generation to generation. An important aspect of the family
business is an emphasis on business ethics and morality. In case
of family businesses, it is not only about the effort to build the
reputation of the company, but also about the efforts to build and
to promote the good name of the family. In the case of family
businesses, long-term relationships with suppliers, employees
and mainly customers are essential prerequisites for maintaining
a positive image of the family company in the eyes of a broad
public, and also for the maintaining prosperity and long-term
sustainability of the enterprise.
Very well prepared legislation in the field of family business is,
for example, in Austria, Germany, and Italy. Unlike the Czech
Republic, Slovakia, and other post-communist economies, the
tradition of family business and business in general has not been
interrupted there. It is therefore not surprising that, in these
countries, we can find family businesses that have existed for
more than a century and they have already successfully passed
for several generations. The general feature of these companies
is that their family members have the majority share in the
property, as well as a majority stake in their management. Table
1 lists the top 2 family businesses from Germany, Austria, and
Italy according to the Global Family Business Index. There has
not been any Czech family company included in the Index.
While the five hundredth largest family company in the world
(Cheung Kong (Holdings) Ltd. reported sales of $ 2.2 billion
(CZK 56.08 billion), the first and, according to Forbes magazine,
the largest Czech family company Metalimex reported annual
sales of 26.2 billion CZK (Mašek et al., 2015). According to
Karel
Havlíček, AMSP Chairman "Three fifths of the global
business are in the hands of family businesses. In the Czech
Republic, however, family businesses contribute to the gross
domestic product with only 15 percent. They still occupy only
about one fifth of the total number of companies.
(ProByznysInfo.cz, 2014) This is due to the relatively short
history of entrepreneurial activity in the Czech Republic, where
many of these companies waits for just the first generational
change in turn. Whether and how they will handle will affect the
ability and willingness of the founding father/mother to impart
knowledge to emerging generation and vice versa - the ability
and the will of the rising generation to select the knowledge
without which one cannot do, and the knowledge which must be
used to move the company forward.
Table 1: Global Family Business Index – TOP 2 companies
(Germany - G, Austria - A, and Italy - I)
Ranking in
the Index,
Country
Company
Year
funde
d
Sales
in
billions
($)
Family
2, G
Volkswagen AG
1937
261,6
Porsche
8, G
Bayerische
Motoren Werke
AG (BMW)
1916
101
Quandt
144, A
Benteler
International AG
1876
9,9
Benteler
306, A
ALPLA Werke
Alwin Lehner
GmbH & Co KG
1955
4,3
Lehner
4, I
EXOR SpA
1927
151,1
Agnelli
92, I
Saras SpA (aka
Saras Group)
1962
14,8
Moratti
Source: according to Zellweger T.: Global Family Business
Index. Center for Family Business at the University of St.Gallen,
Switzerland. May 19, 2015. Available at: http://familybusi
nessindex.com/#table
2. Theoretical solutions - the definition of family business
The family business is not characterized by a clear and
universally accepted definition. The opinions of the authors
differ in the area of the ownership of companies. Some prefer the
definitions focused on the strategic role of family members in
the business. Complex definitions include, to the ownership and
corporate governance, also the criterion of generational
replacement.
The definition of German research institute contains a precise
determination of the share of ownership - at least two individuals
are directly involved in the management of this company and
these individuals or their families together own at least 50%
share of the said business. (Koráb, 2008) Bowman-Upton
defines the family business similarly - A family business is any
company in which the majority of property rights or control is
kept within the family, and where two or more family members
are directly involved in the running of the company. (Bowman-
Upton, 2001) Austrian universities and research institutions use
the work of Vogler. According to him, the family business must
meet three criteria:
Persons who are proprietarily interested in a given
company must be members of one family.
Individual members of the family or the whole family must
be in a position to control the undertaking. According to
Vogler, it is associated with the majority of the voting
rights.
Management of the family business is recruited from
family members who must have a strong will to lead the
company in a way to serve the family to earn a living.
(Koráb, 2008)
This definition highlights the ownership of a company by the
same family with the majority of the voting rights. The
following definition mentions the possibility of business
ownership by more families, with an emphasis on business
governance. For a family company we consider the company in
which members of one or more families own a decisive share
and they also manage this company. (Lukáš, Nový, 2005)
Ernesto Poza came to the working definition of the family
business as the unique synthesis of the following statements:
Proprietary control (15 percent or greater) of two or more
family members or joint venture composed of several
families.
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