AD ALTA
JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
COLOURS OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE: COULD MINORITIES BE AUTHORITIES?
a
JIŘÍ BARTŮNĚK,
b
PAVEL DADÁK
Ústav klasických studií Filosofické fakulty Masarykovy
university, Arna Nováka 1, Brno, 60200, Czech Republic
email:
a
bartunek.jiri@gmail.com,
b
pavel.m.prace@gmail.com
Abstract: Topic of racism is still very alive in today's world. This article is meant as
reflection on question of how racism was understood in ancient cultures. Ancient
people, Greeks, Romans, founders of modern Europe and its system of values were in
constant contact with nationalities, which were different in many ways, including skin
colour. Our aim is to understand, how they saw people of different skin colour – if
they condemned dissimilarity or were without prejudice. Based on (not only) literary
point of view of ancient authors, this paper tries to answer old question, whether
racism against blacks was born already in ancient Rome and the most glorious
civilization of Europa's history was based on racial segregation, or the idea of
superiority based on colour of one's skin is really modern past's invention.
Keywords: racism, Rome, Greece, blacks, skin colour, prejudice, slavery, mythology,
Mediterranean, racial superiority
1 Introduction
Western civilization derives important part of it's modern
achievements from traditions dating back to ancient Greece and
Rome. Scholarship, literature, architecture, democracy... These
all are topics, which are connected by sometimes more direct,
sometimes more tortuous lines between today and ancient times.
But can we connect with antiquity also matters in our history
which we are not so proud about? European modern past is
closely linked to racism and even in modern times this issue is
still actual. We can ask ourselves a question, whether roots of
racist ideologies, which are judging people based on colour of
their skin or ethnic background come from ancient cultures. And
if the answer is yes, how were these issues percieved by
inhabitans of ancient Mediterranean. The aim of this article is to
acquaint reader with question of racism in ancient times,
especialy inside Roman Empire.
The question of racism in ancient cultures used to be very
vibrant topic and thanks to that, number of researchers were
interested in it's resolving. Unfortunately, in last few decades,
only minority of researchers were interested in resolving
question of ancient racism and only a few papers or
monographies were dedicated to this topic. Because of that,
modern literature lacks coherent work that would summarise this
topic again with new thoughts, only papers which put together
older opinions were recently written – and most of them don't
bring much new information. There are four main works of three
authors, which summarize this topic. First of them is Frank
Snowden Jr., who in his works Blacks in Antiquity (1970) and
Before Color Prejudice (1991) points out his opinion, that
nothing like racism in ancient times existed. Second is Lloyd
Thompson with Romans and Blacks (1989), who says, that
racism itself against blacks in antiquity did not exist on skin
colour basis, but their skin colour could create some kind of
prejudice. The third is Benjamin Isaacs, who in work The
Invention of Racism in Antiquity (2004) states, that some kind of
„proto-racism“ existed, and it became basis for colonial racism
of more modern history in 18th and 19th century.
First of all let's define, what racism itself means and how will we
percieve it in our work. Today's racism is understood as it was
„born“ in colonial era. Colonial European powers and major
proponents of racist theories of superiority of white man,
especialy over blacks and to lesser degree over Asians, had a
need to palliate this slave system. We could define racism as
theory, that divides and judges society and individuals into social
hierarchy based on race or colour of their skin and tries to justify
social injustice by biological differences between people. In
modern past it was common, that this way of thinking penetrated
from human minds into law codes and international treaties. This
caused racial segregation, discrimination, refusing of basic
human rights to certain groups and led to legal oppresion and
violence against individuals or entire groups or nations – just
because their colour was different. Here we can ask questions.
Did the same happen in ancient Rome? Or those masters of
Mediterranean didn't try to justify their racism in any way? Or
did they not know what racism in our meaning is? We can also
ask, if in atiquity racial prejudices were based in legal codes, as
it was common in modern past?
1
While searching for an answer we return back to times not only
of ancient Rome and Greece, but even to more ancient
civilizations and their traditions. We will be dealing with racism
based on skin colour and we will try to learn, if in ancient Rome
this dissimilarity from majority population was reason for
discrimination or denial of civil rights and freedoms.
2
We will
try to learn if Roman population looked down on black people
only because their skin colour or if there were more reasons.
2 Ancient point of view on inferior people
In the beginning, there is important to realise several critical
facts about Romans themselves. Roman Empire was inhabited
mostly by so called Mediterranean type (racial group), so
Romans, Iberians, Greeks, Etruscians and other nations of
Mediterranean were looking in antiquity very similarly and
based only on „naked“ appearance were very difficult to tell
apart. Slight differences in looks of course existed, but were not
so striking as for example between Italic and black man from
Nubia. This paper will therefore focus on perception of
subsaharian blacks by common Romans.
3
In ancient literature
we can find many instances, when authors mention people of
black skin, whatever they were negriod or just had skin darker
than ordinary Romans. The division of ancient world must not be
understood as – Europe white / Africa black. Romans called
colour of their skin albus, what in translation means white. But
when ancient author described Roman, to translate albus as
white does not seem correct. It is better to translate the term as
swarthy or light brown (HALEY, 2010, 31-32). The same
opinion shares in his work Lloyd Thompson, who says, that in
Roman society no concept of white people, in socio-cultural
means, existed or developed. If Romans perceived any
differences in skin colour, they had to understood their world as
world of browns (THOMPSON, 1989, 10-11).
One of first nations of Mediterranean, that divided „qualities“ of
people according to regions of their birth, and which transported
this point of view to others, were Greeks. They saw themselves
as superior to other nations and ethnics. But this opinion was not
based on skin colour, but on geographic terms in which certain
nation or tribe lived. Greeks considered themselves superior not
only physically, but mainly mentally. Even their expression for
foreigner – barbaros (
βάρβαρος) was not at first meant
peioratively, but as describtion of people who did not speak
Greek. On the other hand, their view of Persians, as trousers
wearing weaklings, was typicaly full of prejudice (Hdt. 5.49).
Irony for Greeks was, that after they lost struggle for
independence against Romans, they were seen by their
conquerors in same light as they saw Persians. It was
Hippocrates in his work Peri aeron hydaton topon, who shows
his idea, that one of the most important factors affecting physical
human traits is place, where one lives (Hp. Aer. 3). Greeks
believed, that human traits are dependant on place where one
was born, are almost unchangeable, are not subject of
individuality and to change them is extremly difficult. According
to this Greek way of thinking, members of certain society are
connected by same traits, both good and bad.
1
For example in France, Canada, Portugal, USA, Great Britain etc. For more
informations see WHEELER (2005).
2
We come out from assumption, that skin colour is most easiest to perceive difference
among people. Due to majority of „white“ people in mediterranean area, we will try to
reconstruct Roman perception of black people and try to learn if being black in Roman
world was really a handicap.
3
It is important to state, that north African provinces and areas were inhabited in said
period by fairer europoid race or it's mixes, not by purely black negriod racial type.
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