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employers, perceiving development as the employer’s duty
towards the worker
5
. In addition, they seem unwilling to invest
their time and financial resources in pro-development activities
and are disposed to display immoral behaviour towards their
employer
6
. The latter observation is of particular importance in
the context of human capital theory
7
, with its emphasis on the
active involvement of the recipient in development processes,
expressed by their willingness to explore their own potential, to
make suggestions for improvement, to show interest and
dedication in training and improvement. Thus, it must be
emphasised with force that not every employee is willing to
make the effort of improving and refining their knowledge and
vocational skills. In effect, pro-development activities should be
addressed to those of the employees who show promise for
development and display positive attitudes towards the task at
hand.
The second subcategory of barriers to employee development
groups factors directly related to the employer. In this respect,
the most frequently reported barriers were those resulting from
the employer’s lack of skill or knowledge in many areas
8,9
.
10
.
Similarly to the previous subcategory, immoral behaviour was
also found to play a major role here, with reports of such
practices as the excessive use (or even misuse/abuse) of the
flexible forms of employment and direct reduction of HR
investment spending
11
.
The remaining group of internal barriers to employee
development identified in the course of research was
subcategorised as organisational. These include factors directly
related to the operating specificity of small companies. In this
context, limitations to employee development may result from:
company size, the lack of financial resources, or the lack of
dedicated HR specialists
12
,
13
, low potential for advancement,
uncertainty of employment
14
. Another important factor here is
the fear of losing employees to competition. Lastly, small
enterprises are also the least likely to adopt modern ICT
solutions
15
designed to improve and facilitate the employee
development activities.
Employee development is also strongly affected by companies’
immediate and global environment. Low wages (for the majority
of SME employees, wages are well below the national average)
seem to be the most detrimental factor here. Another important
5
M. Matusiak,
Zarządzanie Zasobami Ludzkimi w Małych i Średnich
Przedsiębiorstwach, [in:] Kryńska E. (ed.), Kapitał Ludzki w Małych i Średnich
Przedsiębiorstwach – Przystosowania do Technologii Informatycznych. Wyniki Badań
Empirycznych, Studia i Mat
eriały, Vol. II, Wydawnictwo IPISS, Warszawa 2007, pp.
104 - 105.
6
Lichtarski J. (2006),
Kontrowersyjne etycznie i prawnie zjawiska towarzyszące polskiej
przedsiębiorczości pp. 47-52, [in:] J. Lichtarski (ed.), Przedsiębiorczość, Seria:
Przedsiębiorczość i Zarządzanie, Vol. VII, No. 3, Społeczna Wyższa Szkoła
Przedsiębiorczości i Zarządzania w Łodzi, Łódź 2006.
7
Armstrong M.,
Zarządzanie zasobami ludzkimi, Oficyna a Wolters Kluwer
business, Kraków 2007, p. 485.
8
Innowacje dla przyszłości – od konkurencyjności przedsiębiorstwa do rozwoju regionu
kujawsko-pomorskiego
, Regionalne Centrum Integracji Europejskiej we Włocławku,
Włocławek 2007, http:// http://rcie.pl (12.01.2012), p. 47;
9
E-mail surveys were conducted on a representative sample of 716 out of 16825
entrepreneurs participating in a project sponsored by the Government of Australia and
designed to stimulate the involvement of the SME segment in training activities. The
program involved distribution of training vouchers for Autralian entrepreneurs
employing up to 20 persons, B. Webster, E.A. Walker, A. Brown, 2005, Australian
small business participation in training activities, Education + Training, 47(8/9), p.
554, http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/pdfplus/10.1108/00400910510633107
(24.02.2015).
10
Kamińska B., Polityka szkoleniowa małych i średnich firm w kontekście współpracy w
środowisku wielokulturowym, [in:] F. Bylok, L. Cichobłaziński (eds.), Problemy zarządzania
zasobami ludzkimi w dobie globalizacji, Wyd.
Politechniki Częstochowskiej, Częstochowa
2009, pp. 123-130.
11
Research conducted on a sample of 193 SME representatives of the Silesia region
of Poland, in the years 1999/2000, J. Strużyna, Doskonalenie jakości zarządzania
zasobami ludzkimi w małych firmach, Wydawnictwo Akademii Ekonomicznej w
Katowicach, Katowice 2002, p. 176.
12
Studies show that one of the more pronounced reasons is the manager’s
(entrepreneur’s) fear of losing control over their managerial duties, cited after:
Thassanabanjong K., Miller P., Marchant T., 2009, Training in Thai SMEs, Journal of
Small Business and Enterprise Development, 16(4), p. 682,
http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/14626000911000992 (6.02.2015).
13
Ibid., p. 685.
14
J. Stredwick,
Zarządzanie pracownikami w małej firmie, Wydawnictwo Helion,
Gliwice 2005, p. 15.
15
PARP: Raport o stanie sektora małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw w Polsce,
Warszawa 2011, http://www.parp.gov.pl/files/74/81/469/12554.pdf, (30.05.2012).
determinant is the low competitive position compared to larger
enterprises, forcing SMEs to drastically reduce their operating
cost – and employee development fund is usually the most
immediate target for reduction. In their operating relations with
stronger contactors, the SMEs are often the most obvious target
for exploitation practices, to the effect of reducing their financial
liquidity and, consequently, denying them the potential needed
for employee development.
Table 2 Gross domestic R&D expenditure for 2011, in % of the
GDP.
EU 27
Poland
European leader in
R&D spending
1,94
0,77
3,78 Finland
Source: own research based on : OECD, Gross domestic
expenditure on R & D, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY:
KEY TABLES FROM OECD, no. 1, 2013.
The gross domestic research and development expenditure
seems to be an important determinant in the context of this
study. In 2011, the EU average R&D spending was estimated at
the level of 1.94% of GDP (cf. Tab. 2). For Poland, this index
was drastically low (at 0.77% of GDP), particularly in
comparison to Finland as the European leader in R&D spending
(3.78% of the GDP).
Another strongly differentiating factor with respect to employee
development in Poland and Finland is the supply of qualified
workforce. Labour market structure is a major determinant of
HR activities. Short supply of qualified personnel forces
companies to increase their wages and training investment, and
to seek employees from external markets
16
. According to
Eurostat reports, Poland is characterised by a fairly high supply
of personnel with university education (23% compared to the EU
average of 25.9%), but still quite subpar to the leading position
of Finland as the EU leader in 2010 (cf. Tab. 3).
Table 3 Persons aged 25-64 with university education (in %) in
2010.
EU 27
Poland
European leader
25,9
23
38,1 Finland
Source: own research based on:
Eurostat,
http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu, OECD: Education at a
Glance, OECD Indicators, OECD Publishing, 2012, p. 36.
3 Barriers to employee development – results of empirical
studies
Figure 1 illustrates the scale of HR activities undertaken in
Polish and Finnish companies under study. Contrary to the
author’s expectations, Poland was found to not only keep its
pace with Finland as the most innovative of the EU Member
States, but even surpass it by a small margin. Based on the
average responses from the entrepreneurs, Polish companies
were more involved in HR activities (average score of 2.73) than
their Finnish counterparts (average score of 2.61). However, it
must be remembered that the above scores represent the highly
subjective views of the respondent base.
Responses from Polish and Finnish entrepreneurs follow a
similar distribution trend, with Finns decidedly more willing to
admit to the fact no employee development activities are
undertaken (28.6% of responses, compared to 19.9% for
Poland). The Poles, on the other hand, were more willing to
extend the scale of their HR activities to cover a wide spectrum
of development (11.4% of the responses, compared to 7.1% for
Finland).
Figure 1 Employee development in companies under study –
the scale of employee development activities.
16
Z. Pawlak,
Zarządzanie zasobami ludzkimi i przedsiębiorstwie, Wyd. Poltext,
Warszawa 2011, pp.59-60.
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