AD ALTA
JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
(USA). All national initiatives focus on implementation digital
technologies and internet into whole production systems, which
require new thinking approaches of staff, their skills, abilities
and other important elements. Tomek and Vávrová (2017, p.10-
13) describe the concept of industry 4.0 as combination of
rational and irrational thinking on the producer’s side to make
relevant value for customers, which are more self-confident,
enquiring and more judicial to offering (Hecklau et al., 2016).
According to Gatullo et al. (2019) there is possible to look on
Industry 4.0 from point of view, how it influence different
management approaches. These approaches are as follow:
1.
Virtualization (it helps to create replica of real environment
by application of GPS system to control physical flows);
2.
Service orientation (service orientation should be rated as
future base on the way to realize customers’ requirements
which help them to solve their problem; combination of
virtual space, humans, services and internet offer product
composition to customers);
3.
Time capability (production data are collected in real time,
which convey prompt reaction to failures or their risk; all
necessary documentation must be updated in real time);
4.
Modularity (modular approach facilitate immediate reaction
in case of changing product setup; production
documentation must be modular to integrate new
procedures, technologies and other required items);
5.
Interoperability (it provides communication between
individual elements of virtual world such human, production
units and systems which could be marked as crucial);
6.
Decentralization (required materials from side of company
are decentralized to lower levels; in case of failures there is
applied centralization to higher levels to help to solve the
failure).
These steps represent corporate strategy which must reflect
actual situation in various fields such technology development,
innovation’s context, employment’s needs or used business
model. Fettig et al. (2018) and Reischauer, Schober, Obermaier
(2016) describe implementation of industry 4.0 as challenge to
fulfill corporate vision to reach kind of autonomy, enabling
progress of staff skills on the pathway to making opportunities,
strengthening competitiveness and improve staff working-life
balance. By virtualization as one of important part of Industry
4.0 there is possible to find the most crucial area in production
and prepare preventative solution on the way of precede working
injuries and safe working environment (Winge et al., 2019). By
implementation of industry 4.0 conditions there would be
improved situation in preventing working environment, which
could provide safety environment, higher productivity and
satisfied employees (Lundberg, Rollenhagen, Hollnagel, 2009;
Lindberg, Hansson, Rollenhagen, 2010;
Reichel, De
Schoenmakere, Gillabel, 2016).
Automatization, virtualization and other parts of industry 4.0
afford apprehension, what will happen after implementation.
This fear is actually boosted up by requirements for environment
friendly production and reusing or repairing technologies for
new purposes. This approach is based in so called circular
economy, which intensifies in corporate practices with no
regards to industry or country.
Circular economy helps to discover new availing of used
products, generated waste or used materials on the way of
creating new products. Because of raw-material shortage, there
is important to get new form of source materials for
advancement of companies, industries, regions and of course
whole countries (Benton, Hazell, Hill, 2015).
Circular economy brings in connection to industry 4.0 new
potential values for all stakeholders’ group on the way to
connect them whit high responsibility for people, nature and
other environments (Reichel, De Schoenmakere, Gillabel, 2016;
Reike, Vermeulen, Witjes, 2018).
Circular economy consider all kinds of waste such ground to
reuse and redesign these wastes. Specific vigilance interrogates
long-term products, for which have to be find new alternate
usage against to landfilling or burning. By potential utilization of
waste instead of new sources there is increasing requirements on
relevant workers and their knowledge, abilities and other skills
in connection to their profession (Kiørboe, Sramkova, Krarup,
2015; Ingebrigtsen, Jakobsen, 2007).
3 Methodology
There was realized questionnaire survey between workers in
engineering companies in Czech Republic and Germany. These
companies operate in Brno and Stuttgart. The purpose of the
research was to verify, if workers have awareness of industry 4.0
and potential changes of this industry revolution. For this survey
there were asked 350 workers, from which decided to participate
110 workers from engineering companies (return rate was
31,43 %). To processing, there were used only 95 questionnaires
forms, which were complete fulfilled.
Main objective of the paper is discover potential relations
between defined variables (as follow). There are assigned
hypotheses in connection to exception of potential threats of
industry 4.0 in 10-years future:
H1: Does exist connection between skill education and
potential future threat?
H2: In case of more professions ability there is potential
future threat.
H3: Cognizance of workers’ about industry 4.0 concept
could provoke potential future threat.
H4: Foreknowledge of industry 4.0 concept raise potential
future threat.
Gained data were processed by IBM SPSS Statistics 25. Then,
there was applied calculation of dependency between two
nominal variables by means of contingency tables and Pearson’s
chi
‑squared test. Pearson’s chi-square test for independence of
variables provides basic view on relationship between variables
and help to show specific intensity of the dependency. For
supporting of the results, there is applied correspondence
analysis as visual displaying of the connection knowledge of
industry 4.0 and country of companies, which explains situation
in technical education (not only in schools, but in lifelong
education and training).
Correspondence analysis describes relation between two nominal
variables in pivot table and individual categories. In pivot table
there is category combination which should become significant
or not. If any categories are similar or associated, there are
located in graph near themselves. There are nominal variables as
input into correspond analysis, and kind of premise, that there is
no ordering between variables. Correspond analysis processes
dimensional homogenous data which consist only positive
values or zeros. Chi-square range has become coefficient which
excludes zeros, and help to define relations between rows and
columns (McGarigal, Cushman, Stratford, 2000; Beh, 2010,
2008; Kudlatz et al., 2014).
The pivot table in correspondence analysis requires data matrix
n×2 with two categorical variable: r values for A (a
1
, a
2
, … , a
r
)
and s values for B (b
1
, b
2
, … , b
s
). The table consists n
ij
frequency of chosen variables, which afford amount of cases,
including both of a
i
and b
j
. For purpose of the table there was
used relative frequency for relevant cases. As result of
theoretical frequency evaluation there was turned chi-square
statistics with adequate distribution and (r-1)×(s-1) degrees of
freedom, which lead to decision, if between chosen variables in
sample population could be defined dependency (Beh, 2010;
Kudlats et al., 2014).
4 Results
Due processing of the gained data there was employed Pearson’s
chi-square test of independence between chosen variables, which
- 198 -