AD ALTA
JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
identification of intangible assets, not with its valuation.
Moreover, he claims that the interest of academics and experts
ought to be more focused on the valuation of the obligations
related to intangible assets as they are usually overlooked on the
valuation of intangible assets.
It is necessary to realize that the valuation of intangible assets is
important in several aspects. Not only is it possible to value the
intangible assets in parallel with the tangible assets but there is a
link to the value of the certain type of tangible assets which is
influenced by the intangible assets which are directly connected
to this particular type of tangible assets (Sequeira, Fernandez,
2010).
Corrado et al. (2009) maintains that there has been an incorrect
determination of the value of the GDP in the USA. The reason
was the ignorance of the value of intangible assets. The
intangible assets worth $800 billion were excluded in 2003.
Although this type of asset is gradually recognized, there is a
value of more than $3 billion which is excluded from the
determination of the US GDP.
Hanafizadeh and Hosseinioun (2015) add an interesting point.
The authors focus on a valuation of company’s business plan
which employs scientific economic theories for the purpose of
its operation. The theories are regarded as intangible assets. The
valuation of the business plan is interesting for investors as the
value of the business plan may fill the gap between the book and
the market value of the company. It provides an additional
instrument for the enhancement of negotiating power in terms of
the fusions and acquisitions of companies.
Sanchez-Segura et al. (2014) note intellectual asset is company’s
intangible assets. The capital can be divided into human capital,
i.e. the employee’s knowledge, structural capital, i.e. the
expertise in terms of the organization of company and the use of
technologies, and relational capital, i.e. the expertise in terms of
business relations with clients and related subjects.
The neglected intangible assets of every company are a brand.
The current book standards rather deal with tangible assets.
Rarely is the brand included into its financial statement. If it is
included, its quantified value is not based on a universally
respected economic and market foundation. A significant
number of companies are currently attempting to change the
trend (Antic et al., 2008).
A number of international experts agree on the fact that yield
methods are the most popular valuation methods on a global
scale. Above all, it is a discounted cash flow method. The yield
methods of valuation view a company as a ‘black box’ of
investment. It ought to bring the investor an advantage either in
terms of financial or in terms of non-financial nature. Therefore,
it is supposed to reflect the belief in the future revenues flowing
from the company to the owner, i.e. investor (Kislingerová,
2001).
Act No. 151/1997 Col. §24 Article 3 permits to employ the
method of discounted cash flows (DCF) for the purpose of the
valuation of company (Czech Republic, 1997). The DCF method
can be in three variants in practice: DCF entity, DCF equity,
DCF APV, i.e. adjusted present value (Kislingerová, 2001).
The methods of asset valuation are employed for the purpose of
valuating of individual items. These items can be valued on the
basis of historic prices, on the basis of the reacquisition of such
items, on the basis of spared costs and on the basis of market
values (Mařík et al., 2018).
3 Material and methods
The objective of the contribution is to determine the value of the
Association´s intangible assets. All intangible assets will be
valued as of 31 December 2017. Specifically, it the association
of natural persons engaged in hairdressing (hereinafter referred
to as Association XYZ) established on 1 January 2008 by the
Association Agreement. For the purposes of the research,
Association XYZ provided all necessary data for five
consecutive years (between 2013 and 2017). According to CZ
NACE, by the type of its activity, Association XYZ belongs the
group G. Since the largest share of its business is the hair
cosmetics, the Association depends on the development of
customers´ demand according to the classification CZ NACE,
group S. For the historical development of sales in the category
CZ NACE S in the CR, see Graph 1.
Graph 1. Sales development in category CZ NACE – S (96.02,
96.09, 93.13) between 2006 and 2016, basic index (mean in the
year 2010) – common prices
Source: Czech Statistical Office (2016).
Graph 1 shows that the sales in this sector did not change much
year on year. Although after 2008 there was a slight decrease by
several percent compared to the basic year, in the following year
the situation did not change much. Before 2008, the sector
showed a relatively fast growth of sales, but between 2008 and
2010, there has been a slight decrease.
As a new limited company will be established and subsequently
the Association, whose assets will be the initial contribution in
the newly established limited company, will cease to exist,
another basis will also be legislation. Specifically, it will be Act
No. 151/1997 Coll. on valuation of asset and on the amendment
of some other Acts, Act No. 90/2012 Coll. On Commercial
companies and cooperatives (Act on Business Corporations), and
Act No. 89/2012 Coll. (Civil Code).
For our calculation, it will be necessary to determine the revenue
and asset value of Association XYZ. Company revenue value
represents the company´s capability of generating revenues in
the future. It is a sum of all items able to generate these
revenues, including all tangible and intangible assets of the
company. Therefore, it if is necessary to determine the intangible
assets value, it is possible to calculate is as a difference between
the assets and revenue value of the Association XYZ. For this
reason, the issue of determining of these values will be
addressed.
In terms of determining the assets value of individual tangible
and intangible assets, first the Association XYZ inventory will
be valued. The valuation of the inventories will be based on
their purchase value. Furthermore, the fixed tangible assets will
be valued. Fixed tangible assets include a special tablet. This
asset will be valued analogously to low-value assets using the
assumed linear decline. The fixed assets also include motor
vehicles. Association XYZ owns a total of 11 vehicles, out of
which 7 vehicles are a direct asset of the Association XYZ, 3
have been acquired through loans that have not been fully repaid
yet, and one vehicle is used on the basis of the operating lease
contract. This vehicle is thus not included in the valuation due to
the specificity of the loan. The remaining vehicles will be valued
using Cebia, s.r.o.´s CabiCAT GT software, which enables to
determine fast and precisely the current market value of a
concrete vehicle in the CR. In terms of valuation, this software
works on the principle of a comparative method. Subsequently,
low-value fixed tangible assets will be included in the valuation.
This kind of assets can be valued by means of amortization
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Hairdressing and cosmetic services
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