AD ALTA
JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
dominant anion:
HCO3
Carbonate waters
Concentration
CO2 g/l
Containing total
carbonate in
excess of 300
mg/l
(0.3 g/l)
Chloridated,
Saline
Concentration
NaCl g/l
Water
containing more
than 14 g/l
sodium
chloride
(hypertonic)
≥ 1 g/l total
dissolved solid,
dominant cation:
Na
dominant anion:
Cl
Sulphurous
waters
Concentration
SO4 g/l
≥ 1 g/l total
dissolved solid,
dominant anion:
SO4
Waters containing
Mg
Contribution %
Mg- an
equivalent
contribution of
at least 20%
Waters containing
I
Concentration
mg/l
> 1 mg/l iodine
Waters containing
F
Concentration
mg/l
> 2 mg/l fluoride
Waters containing
Br
Concentration
mg/l
≥ 5 mg/l
bromine
Waters containing
Fe
Concentration
mg/l
more than 10
mg/l iron
Waters containing
Si
Concentration
mg/l
70 mg/l H2SiO3
Waters containing
As
Concentration
mg/l
0.7 mg/l As
(Source: Jonker, 2016)
Table 5: Classification of temperature thermal and
thermomineral waters (ºC) according to 5 different authors from
the earlier to the contemporary models
1.
Vintras,
1883
2.
Djerkovic,
1971
3.
Komatina,
2004
4.
Spahić, 2005
5.
Karagülle,
2014
a)
Cold
<18
b)
Warm
18-28
c)
Hot
28-36
d)
Very
hot
>36
a)
Cold <20
b)
Warm
20-35
c)
Hot 35-42
d)
Very hot
>42
a)
Cold <20
b)
Warm
20-37
c)
Thermal
37-42
d)
Highly
thermal
42-100
e)
Super
heated
>100
a)
Hypothermal
20-34
b)
Homeothermal
34-38
c)
Hyperthermal
>38
a)
Cold <25
b)
Tepid 25-
34
c)
Warm 34-
42
d)
Hot >42
(Jonker, 2016; Zunic, 2015. Prepared by Authors)
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Geographical and Tourism features of Sarajevo and its
region of Ilidza
Thermal, thermomineral and mineral waters are important
resources of Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Sarajevo is located on the southwest of “Sarajevo-Zenica”
tectonic basin. This basin is presented with 2 geomorphologic
environments: a) internal flat with the Sarajevo field, and b) the
mountain surroundings (
Trebević, Jahorina, Igman, Bjelašnica,
Treskavica and Romanija- Olympic mountains of Sarajevo
which belong to Dinaric Alps Mountain range in Europe).
Skopljak (2006) stated that thermomineral waters are found only
in the hydrogeologic unit of Sarajevo field which belongs to the
Ilidza region near Sarajevo. This terrain is located on the
southwest of Sarajevo, between the rivers Zeljeznica and
Presjenica (SE) and Lepenica (NW). The border on the
southwest is presented with mountain Igman up to contact with
Bjelasnica, and it contains area from the source of Presjenica,
over the Ravna vala up to the mouth of Krupa- Zujevina, which
makes the border on the northwest. The border on the northeast
is the river Zeljeznica up to Vojkovici, Stup and Rajlovac. It
contains also the area of Butila, Rakovica and Buhotina when it
joins the boundary on the northwest. Total area is 250 square km
(Skopljak, 2006). Regional tectonic predisposition participated
in the genesis of Sarajevo field, while the Busovaca is the fault
of central importance. Mineral, thermal and thermomineral
waters of Sarajevo are found along the tectonic faults with 2
directions: Sarajevo-Kiseljak-Busovaca and Knezina-Olovo-
Orlje. Geological terrain is mostly composed of sediments and
volcanic formations, as well as the mesozoic flysch sediments,
and the lake sediments and various kenozoic accumulations.
Terrain elevation is presented with the hight range from 500 m at
Sarajevo field up to 1647 m on the ridge of mt. Igman. The
wider area is fluvially shaped with majority of denudational
landforms and the possible presence of karst phenomens (e.g.
caves, springs), while the central area of the field is typical by
fluvial relief (stream channels, floodplains, alluvial fans, or even
the specific forms such as “bigar”- tuff from the thermal waters).
Sarajevo has a humid climate with warm summer (Kӧpen: Cfb),
and an average temperature is 9.5ºC and 932 mm precipitation
per year. Sarajevo field is located in the upper Bosnia river basin
with its tributaries Zujevina, Zeljeznica, Dobrinja and Miljacka,
and it belongs to the Black sea at the higer level of drainage.
Djug et al. (2008) stated that majority of water territory belongs
to the river Bosnia system, and it has combined a moderate
pluvial-nival river regime. The mountain area belongs to the
ecosystem of Fagetum and Abies, while the field area contains
hygrophile ecosystems of Alnus, Populus and Salix, as well as
the mezophille forests of Quercus and Carpinus (Djug et al.,
2008). Sarajevo, as the capital, has a favourable geographic,
traffic and tourism position, and it’s well connected with Europe
and the rest of the World, while it’s also the part of a very
important European tourism corridor which connects the
continental Middle Europe and the Mediterranean Europe.
Sarajevo has a positive tourist growth over the last decade, but
it’s stil counted as a “city break destination” because of the
shorter overnight stay (less then 3 days). The region of Ilidza is
extremely important as the geotraffical nucleus and terminal,
while it’s also of a great tourism importance because of the
rational exploitation of thermomineral waters for the tourist and
resident’s purpose, and its general natural and cultural
attractiviness. There were built a popular hotels and recreative-
rehab centres, some of them kept authentical style from Austria-
Hungarian period in Bosnia and Herzegovina (e.g. lux hotels
Austria and Bosnia). Ilidza is one of 5 urban municipalities of
Sarajevo, and it has progressive tourism development over the
last decade with the preceding participation in the overall
tourism growth of Sarajevo.
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