AD ALTA
JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
VOCABULARLY, IDENTIFYING THE MOVEMENT OF AIR MASS IN MODERN TATAR
LANGUAGE
a
ROZA Z. KHAFIZOVA,
b
FANUZA SH. NURIEVA,
c
ANNA
V. DYBO,
d
ENZE KH. KADIROVA
a
Kazan Federal University, Leo Tolstoy Institute of Philology
and Intercultural Communication , Kazan, 18 Kremlevskaya
Street, Kazan, 420008, Russia
b
Kazan Federal University, Leo Tolstoy Institute of Philology
and Intercultural Communication, Kazan, 18 Kremlevskaya
Street, Kazan, 420008, Russia
c
Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Linguistics, Russia.
d
Kazan Federal University, Leo Tolstoy Institute of Philology
and Intercultural Communication, Kazan, 18 Kremlevskaya
Street, Kazan, 420008, Russia
email:
a
rose_s_shipami@mail.ru,
b
fshnurieva2015@gmail.com,
c
annadybo2016@gmail.com,
d
ekhkadirova2014@gmail.com
Abstarct: In the article they consider one of the universal categories of the conceptual
picture of the world - the lexeme cil "wind", referring to the meteorological concept.
The word wind, being the oldest layer of the language, represents a rich language
material both in number and in semantic variety. During the description of the lexical-
semantic paradigm, using their traditional linguistic methods of component,
derivational, historical-onomasiological analysis, their common and differential
features were revealed. The article presents the lexical composition with the meaning
of process semantics, which make the part of the lexical-semantic group of words that
call natural phenomena with the supporting component cil ‘wind’. Culturological
foundations of the wind image perception were revealed, numerous names of wind
species in modern Tatar literary language and in its dialects were cited, the specificity
of the studied vocabulary functioning was revealed in the historical aspect. It was
determined that the strength of the wind is important for the carriers of Tatar language
as was evidenced by special names for its characteristics.
Key words and phrases: Tatar language; natural phenomenon; wind; proverbs and
sayings; signs.
1 Introduction
Such lexemes as
jaŋgyr [yañğir] 'rain', cil 'wind', qar 'snow',
dawil 'hurricane', blizzard 'storm', etc. are used most frequently
among the terminology that denotes natural phenomena
(Vasiliev ,1986; Comparative-historical grammar of Turkic
languages: Vocabulary:2001; Khafizova et al, 2016). The wind
is an amazing phenomenon of nature, it controls weather, which
is the old dream of mankind. This atmospheric phenomenon can
cause snowstorms, storms, hurricanes, tornados, squalls,
typhoons, etc. Scientific meteorological classification
distinguishes the winds of two main classes: large-scale
rectilinear and vortex flows (Prokh ,1983). Every natural
phenomenon, including the wind is associated among Tatars
with certain characteristics, which are reflected in many
proverbs, sayings, folk songs and tales. The wind is called
differently in them: warm, light, playful, affectionate, caressing,
angry, desperate, autumn, summer, etc.
The purpose of our work is to study the names of the
meteorological phenomenon concept cil 'wind' in Tatar language.
It gives a paradigmatic characteristic of the lexeme in Tatar
language, the patterns of lexeme functioning are traced in
folklore genres of Tatar language.
Among the lexemes, which call the movement of air masses, the
dominant one is the 'wind' - this is the movement of the air flow
in the horizontal direction (
Tatar teleneng anglatmalı süzlege.,
2005).
2 Materials and methods
The heart of the word cil 'wind' systemic property study has
various ways of semantic potential measuring, based on the
paradigmatic and syntagmatic properties of the word. During the
analysis of meteorological vocabulary, traditional linguistic
methods of derivational, component and contextual analysis
were used. The work also reflects the elements of the
comparative-historical method. The materials of ancient Turkic
texts, the works of the Middle Türkic language period and the
data of modern Turkic languages are used for research.
3 Results and discussion
The analysis of lexical unit semantics motivates linguists to
describe their meanings comprehensively and to reveal the
specifics of functioning. The lexeme wind combines a wide
range of concepts that form integral signs, based on the
movement of airflows in the horizontal direction. The word cil
'wind' is common Turkic one and is used in different phonetic
variants: yel - Turk., Tur., Az., Car., Cum., Nog., Uzb., cil Tat.,
Җel Bashk., Kaz., ccal., Kirg., del - Alt., chil - Chak., sil - Chuv.
(Rakhimova et al, 2016). The word jil in the main meaning
'wind' is represented in the ancient Turkic dictionary (DTS, 254);
in the Kypchak monument of the XIVth century "At-tukhfa"
(Tukhfa, 309) and in the "Turkic-Tatar dictionary of the 13th
century (Kuryshzhanov, 1970, 127;Yusupova,2012 ; Sevortian]
et al, 1989). The transition from d to c took place in modern
Tatar literary language. In this form, the word was first recorded
in Old Tatar written monuments of the 18th century. The poems
by G.Utyz Imyany have both variants of the word - yil ~ cil
'wind' in parallel in the same meaning 'wind'. The use of both
variants by the author seems to be explained by the fact that the
lexeme yil in the given period was the literary norm of the Old
Tatar language, and cil "wind" was the influence of the folk-
spoken language (Nurieva;2014; Kadirova,2001). The parallel
use of two variants is also observed in later monuments.
In the explanatory dictionary of the Tatar language, the
characteristic of the wind activity is emphasized: cil "wind"
through motion, the air flow and its direction along the earth
surface:
Čyqty cillӓr, qupty dulqyn, Il korabyn cil sӧrӓ
(
Dӓrdmӓnd) (Tatar teleneng anglatmalı süzlege., 2005).This
invisible force was associated with the spirit in ancient times
(kurenmes ruch), the god (
Cil tӓŋrese (Аllasy), the master (Cil
ijӓse), the mother (Cil anasy), the king (Cillӓr patšasy), and the
master of the winds was called (Yalman). The specific
characteristic of the wind was described very accurately by the
Tatar poet Gabdulla Tukai in the poem "Cil" (according to
Pushkin):
Isӓr cil! Kӧčleseŋ sin, bik batyrsyŋ/ Ačulansaŋ,
cihanny quzgatyrsyŋ / Bik irkenlӓp isӓseŋ cir jӧzendӓ / Qotyrtyp
bolgatasyŋ diŋgezen dӓ / Kӧtü tӧsle bolytlarny quasyŋ /Тelӓrsӓŋ
qajsy jaqlarga borasyŋ / Irekleseŋ: isӓseŋ dӓ isӓseŋ / Тuzan, qar
tuzdyryp jullar kisӓseŋ / Irekle sin, isӓr cil, ӓjdӓ is, is! Siŋa baš
juq Xodajdan bašqa hič, hič! Translation: The Wailing Wind!
You are strong, you are powerful. If you are angry, you will
move the universe. / You are free to move the earth / And you
will disturb a strong wind / And the pasture clouds you move /
You turn them as you want / You are free: you breathe and
breathe / Dust and snow you provoke / Blow! blow, free wind. /
You are not afraid of anyone but the god of one!
All these values of the process of motion are decisive ones. They
form the core of the meaning cil 'wind'. However, there are
figurative meanings in connection with the rotational movement:
1) the consequences of any phenomena; of a major event,
foreshadowing or warning them: Barlyq mal-
mӧlkӓtne altynga
ӓjlӓnderep, revolutsija cile tiz genӓ baryp citmӓslek urynga
küčerergӓ kirӓk; 2) force causes a person to submit to the laws of
life and reality:
ulaj da tormyš cile belӓn jӓšlek azlap-azlap anyŋ
jӓšen dӓ kipterde. (G. Bӓširov); 3) the impact, the influence of
something:
Ӧmӓneŋ cile Ibraj ӓnisenӓ dӓ – Ibrajny Timur
komandasyna,
ulyn jaqlap qlgan anaga da kilep bӓrelde (G.
Gӧbӓj).
The intensity of the wind speed can be specified by adjectives:
saba cile [saba jile], [saba cile],
taŋ cile [tañ jile], [tañ cile],
sabax cile [sabax jile], [sabax cile] (morning, warm, gentle
breeze),
ütӓli cil [ütäli jile], [ütäli cile] (draft), kӧčle cil [köçle
jil], [köçle cil] (strong wind). For example, in ancient literature
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