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- stupid as an oak, is applied only in relation to the man. Other
comparative have no dung concerning gender application
(Bochina, 2014).
Moreover, a number of units as the basis of comparison has an
adjective silly, and remained the basis stupid. We understand
them as synonyms as according to Ojegov's dictionary, silly and
stupid synonyms. Silly it is understood as "1. with limited
abilities, slow, confused. 2. Not finding mind, deprived of
reasonable pithiness, expediency" (http://slovarozhegova.ru/
word.php? wordid=5275); stupid is treated as "… 4. Deprived of
sharp perception, slow, and also confirming intellectual
limitation (http://slovarozhegova.ru/word.php? wordid=32509).
The general semi two lexemes "slow-wittedness" is, as gives to
us the grounds to speak about development of the synonymous
relations in system of comparative.
The given numerous number of comparative with synonymous
semantics naturally puts us before a question of frequency and
the nature of applying each of them. In this regard we analyzed
the national case of Russian (further NKRY) regarding relevance
of the comparative found in it. We obtained the following data.
Steady comparisons silly as the ram, is silly as a donkey are
found on 2 times in NKRY: Another, Alexey Petrovich Choubin,
was pathetic, insignificant creation, lascivious as a cat, silly as a
ram. (F. F. Vigel. Notes (1850-1860), both of you well also do
that are compliant; but as for to Grabshaufel, he how many I
know, the real German; that is it is silly as the ram, is angry as
he a monkey, and is stubborn as the Ukrainian bull! (V. T.
Narezhny. Russian Zhilblaz, or Adventures of the prince Gavrila
Simonovich Chistyakov (1814). Important feature of these
comparative is their use in texts of the 19th century, and also an
connection to a male that was not recorded in dictionaries of
comparisons.
Steady comparisons it is silly as a gray gelding, is silly as a
donkey meet on 3 times in NKRY: Be silent, Rakhmanov, you
are silly as a gray gelding. (A. K. Tolstoy. From comic letters to
N. V. Adlerberg (1837-1838)
; And tell, ― Gosha at Zhorik, ―
questioned that Egor is silly as a donkey. (Ildar Abuzyarov. An
offensive language (2002), A here, look, Vera, someone wrote:
"here Murchik ― was fresh as a cucumber", and another added:
"also he is silly as a donkey!" (P. N. Krasnov. From Two-headed
Eagle to a red banner (the book 1) (1922). As we can notice, the
use of these comparative is dated the 20th, 21st centuries that
indicates the modern nature of comparisons. The subject
connection remains focused on males.
Comparison with a goose meets once and is rather modern: She
will make even that she exceeds its forces, and right there will
die of diligence … Speak still: it is silly as a goose … And it is
cleverer than this bird is not present on light. (A. I. Kuprin.
(1927).
We connect a frontage of the comparative given above to a male
with a comparison standard - a men's individual of an animal (as
a donkey, as a goose, as a ram, as a gray gelding). Perhaps,
comparison with the male defines a subject connection. So,
similar comparison in relation to a feminine gender unnaturally
sounds: It is stupid as a ram / donkey, the grammatical form of
the used noun a priori indicates noun gender. Moreover, the
comparisons designated as standards have the suppletive forms
of a feminine gender (a ram - a sheep). This fact found reflection
and in NKRY: With submissively the dropped eyes in which the
shame burned now he silently listened to reproaches of the wife,
quiet and stupid as he a sheep, went to himself to the room and
there was locked. (Maxim Gorky. Foma Gordeev (1899).
However in the dictionary of steady comparisons comparison
silly as a sheep is not recorded.
4 Summary
The inanimate object, in particular part of a tree or product from
it also can act as a standard of comparison (a stopper, a block, a
log, an oak, etc.).
Steady comparisons with an oak, log are not recorded in NKRY.
4 offers where steady comparison is used are revealed it is silly
as a log: Only also happiness, who is silly as the log, does not
think of anything climbs to that, does nothing". (Alexander
Voronsky. Gogol (1934), A, that it is silly as a log, so it is right.
(A. F. Pisemsky. Whether it is guilty? (1855), It, maybe, and
well treats the patients, nevertheless … it is silly as a log". (F.
M. Dostoyevsky. The double (1846), Is just the man, silly as a
log and which has in a pocket the most fair capital. (A. I. Ertel.
Stepnyak's notes (1883). The listed examples from works of art
are also dated the 19th century and concern to the male.
The stub as a standard of comparison is used twice: Yes, but
Rayumsdal is silly as a stub, ― the Moon was surprised.
(Andrey Belyanin. Furious landgrave (1999). And the use
belongs to the end of the XX century.
The most popular is comparison with a stopper (7 examples are
revealed): Mischa, you are silly as a stopp
er", ― and he shrank
and made similar to the beaten doggie. (Vladimir
Shakhidjanyan. 1001 questions about IT (No. No. 501-1001)
(1999). It is remarkable that in this example the instruction on
slow-wittedness by means of comparison is used in relation to
the interlocutor that did not meet earlier: generally similar
comparisons are used at the characteristic of the third party who
is not participating in dialogue.
The appeal to a female was revealed in the analysis of
functioning of a comparative stupid as a log: Nothing, except
stupid, as a log, thoughts that this someone else's book is not
necessary to me. (Anatoly Pristavkin. Little cuckoos or a
plaintive song for calm of heart (1992). However it is important
to emphasize that the characteristic concerns not an animate
object, but a subject inanimate, abstract.
5 Conclusion
Thus, steady comparisons of Russian of the micro-field "slow-
wittedness" represent quite numerous row. Act as standards of
comparison or the name of animals: goose, donkey, ram, gray
gelding, or names of a tree, its parts and wooden products: (oak,
log, stopper, stub, chock, block). Many of comparative of this
group have to a dung colloquial, contemptuous that limits the
sphere of their use. In the national case of Russian each of
comparative is presented not more often than 2-3 times. The
most numerous is the use of a comparative stupid as an owl.
Feature of steady comparisons of this semantics is their implicit
frontage to a male. The appeal to a female meets seldom and
demands change of the addressee (this situation concerns the
standards of comparison presented by names of animals).
Disputable is also a question of the reason of distribution of this
characteristic on males.
Acknowledgement
The work is performed according to the Russian Government
Program of Competitive Growth of Kazan Federal University.
References
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Arsenteva E.E., Arsentyeva Y.S. Discoursal Analysis of
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Bochina T.G., Jing Jing, YapparovaV.N. Stylistic devices of
contrast in poetry of Alexander Pushkin and Evgeny
Baratynsky. Journal of Language and Literature. 2016. Vol.
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