AD ALTA
JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
IMPULSIVITY AND AGGRESSION IN THE SYSTEM LOWER SECONDARY EDUCATION IN
SLOVAK AND CZECH REPUBLIC
a
ROBERT TOMŠIK,
b
MARTIN DOLEJŠ,
c
MICHAL
ČEREŠNÍK,
d
JAROSLAVA SUCHÁ,
e
ONDŘEJ SKOPAL,
f
MIROSLAVA ČEREŠNÍKOVÁ
a
Constantine the Philosopher University, Faculty of Education,
Dražovská 4, Post code: 949 74, Nitra, Slovakia, email:
a
robert.tomsik@ukf.sk,
b
martin.dolejs@upol.cz
c
mceresnik@ukf.sk,
d
Jaroslava.Sucha@email.cz
e
ondrej.skopal@upol.cz,
f
mceresnikova@ukf.sk
Paper is published within the frame of the projects: 1) VEGA 1/0122/17 Risk behavior
and attachment of the adolescents aged from 10 to 15.; 2) IGA_FF2017_001 –
Diagnostika místa
kontroly (locus of control) a jeho využití při práci s adolescenty ve
věku 11-15 let (běžná populace, klienti NZDM).
Abstract: Our research design is based on the assumption that impulsivity and
aggression are closely related. The investigation is focused on differences in the
aggressive behaviour of students with average and high rates of impulsivity. The
research sample consists of 5841 pupils in the Czech Republic and the Slovak
Republic aged 10-15 years. Impulsivity was measured by Impulsiveness Scale (SIDS).
Impulsivity is conceived as a one-dimensional construct. Aggressive behaviour was
determined with Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ) that consists of scores
for: (1) physical aggression, (2) verbal aggression, (3) anger and (4) hostility. A
statistical analysis revealed significant differences in aggressiveness between research
groups, which differed in impulsivity levels. This supports the assumption of a
relationship between aggression and impulsivity.
Keywords: impulsivity, aggressive behaviour, hostility, socio-cultural differences,
adolescence.
1 Introduction
Impulsiveness is basically the tendency to act without thinking.
Brunelle et al. (2009) reported that it is a tendency to respond
quickly to cues associated with reward, without enough time to
consider long-term consequences. Impulsiveness has, according
to Eysenck, deep biological roots (In Vazire & Funder, 2006),
including lower serotonin and specific patterns of activity in the
neocortex. Impulsivity also appears to be hereditary (In Vazire &
Funder, 2006). Mustanski et al. (In Brunelle et al. 2009) reported
that in neurobiological terms, impulsivity inherently includes
self-regulatory deficit and poor capacity to think with respect to
social norms. This is related for example to the observed
relationship between impulsivity and risky sexual behaviour and
other antisocial behaviour, or aggressive behaviour, which
impulsivity is often confused with (Critchfield, Levy & Clarkin,
2004; Finn et al. 2000; Krueger et al. 2002; Skopal, Dolejš &
Suchá, 2014). Aggressive behaviour and impulsivity are
concepts that often confused (García-Forero, 2008), with some
authors even considering them the same personality factor
(Critchfield, Levy & Clarkin, 2004; Coccaro et al. 1989; Siever
and Davis, 1991). Although these two phenomena undoubtedly
share the same process of development, they are not synonyms.
1.1 Theoretical framework
According to Eysenck (1993; In Spinella, 2004; Vazire &
Funder, 2006; Zuckerman, 1995) impulsivity is biologically
determined. In 1995 Zuckerman (In Zuckerman & Kuhlman,
2000) devised a biochemical concept, in which he clarifies
personality traits (sociability, impulsive sensation seeking)
associated with risky behaviour; sensation seeking also refers to
an assessment scale that includes the factors of impulsivity and
sensation seeking (Zuckerman, 1994; In Zuckerman & Kuhlman,
2000). The biochemical model focuses on the influence of
neurotransmitters, hormones and enzymes. It is reported that
lower levels of the monoamine oxidase enzyme are associated
with behaviour linked to sensation seeking (including
impulsivity), extroversion, sociability and behavioural
addictions, i.e. abuse of alcohol, tobacco, illegal drugs or sexual
activities.
Impulsivity is one of the characteristics of human behaviour that
affects various areas of life. In extreme forms, it is linked to
psychopathology (Grygorian, 2012). Higher impulsivity
accompanies varied neuropsychological conditions such as
bipolar disorder, suicidal tendencies, attention deficit
hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), borderline personality disorder,
antisocial personality disorder, and behavioural disorders (DSM-
V, Raboch et al. 2015) or various forms of high-risk behaviours
(Skopal, Dolejš & Suchá, 2014).
The dictionary of psychology (Hartl & Hartlová, 2000) defines
impulsivity as the tendency of a personality to act suddenly, on a
whim, without considering the consequences. Impulsivity as
defined by APA (2007) is a behaviour characterized by little or
no forethought, reflection, or consideration of the consequences.
It may also be associated with risk-taking behaviour. Zuckerman
and Kuhlman (2000, 1000) reported that impulsivity is a
"tendency to enter into situations, or rapidly respond to cues for
potential reward, without much planning or deliberation and
without consideration of potential punishment or loss of
reward". While in this case impulsivity is described as a rapid
response to reward, the authors also report further in the text that
impulsivity is characterized by intolerance to negative emotions.
In order to understand the etiology and origin of aggressive
behaviour in relation to impulsivity, a clear definition and
distinction need to be made. Aggression is often compared to
"anger" or “hostility". Some experts, however, define these
terms as separate concepts, rejecting them as synonyms (García-
Forero, 2008; Suris et al. 2004).
Some authors (e.g. Coccaro, 1998) propose that the lack of
conceptual distinction between the terms may be used to
represent the target behaviour. Clear criteria for investigation of
the constructs need to be specified in order to eliminate
confusion on the conceptual or methodological level. Some
authors (e.g. Suris et al. 2004) indicate that these variables are
interconnected through higher order constructs to the degree that
they share variances. As noted above, impulsivity is defined as
"a predisposition toward rapid, unplanned reactions to internal
or external stimuli without regard to the negative consequences"
(Moeller et al. 2001, 1784). This definition describes impulsivity
as a personality trait, understanding it as a tendency to trigger
responses to stimuli. These concepts have been interchanged in
many empirical studies. For example Dolan et al. (2001) studied
the relationship between impulsivity, aggression and serotonin
function on a sample of offenders with personality disorder. The
authors reported that “it was difficult to distinguish between
impulsivity and aggression." Considerable efforts have been
devoted to the classification of aggressive behaviour. Barratt &
Slaughter (1998) classified the aggression into three categories:
pre-meditated, medically-related, and impulsive aggression.
Coccaro (1998) took this a step further and defined impulsive
aggression as unintentional aggressive behaviour.
Impulsive aggression is defined in a number of ways, for
example as: a trait (Coccaro et al. 1989; Siever & Davis, 1991);
a subset of impulsive behaviours (Seroczynski et al. 1999); a
subset of aggressive behaviours (Barratt et al. 1994; Barratt, et
al. 1999); as their combination or interaction of separate
characteristics (Depue & Lenzenweger, 2001). Due to the
ambiguity of definitions, classification of impulsivity is
relatively unclear (Critchfield, Levy & Clarkin, 2004, 558). On
the other hand Critchfield, Levy & Clarkin (2004) highlight the
fact that impulsivity and aggression are expected to co-occur on
the phenotypic level, which justifies the use of impulsive
aggression as a phenomenon of a similar dimension (García-
Forero, 2008).
As regards the assessment of impulsive aggression, Coccaro and
his team (Coccaro, 1998; Coccaro et al. 1998) devoted much
effort to defining the difference between the concepts of
impulsivity and aggression (Olvera et al. 2001). Coccaro focused
on detecting the degree and correlation of aggression and
impulsivity in adolescents in the concept of intermittent
explosive disorder (IED). While Coccaro and his team do not
regard impulsivity and aggression as interchangeable, they are
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