AD ALTA
JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
ANTHROPOGENIC AND NATURAL TOXICANTS OF RAW MATERIAL, FOOD PRODUCTS AND
MODERN METHODS OF THEIR CONTROL
a
INGA M. NITYAGA,
b
BORIS V. USHA,
c
NATALIA G.
MASHENTSEVA,
d
POLINA V. KULACH,
e
VLADIMIR I.
LUTSAY,
a
Moscow State University of Food Production, 125080,
Moscow, Volokolamskoe avenue, 11
b
Moscow State University of Food Production, 125080,
Moscow, Volokolamskoe avenue, 11
c
Moscow State University of Food Production, 125080,
Moscow, Volokolamskoe avenue, 11
d
Moscow State University of Food Production, 125080,
Moscow, Volokolamskoe avenue, 11
e
Moscow State University of Food Production, 125080,
Moscow, Volokolamskoe avenue, 11
Email:
a
inga99@mail.ru
b
vet-san-dekanat@yandex.ru
c
natali-
mng@yandex.ru
d
Ushkalov@Mail.Ru
e
recaro21@bk.ru
Abstract. A continually expanding arsenal of anthropogenic and natural toxicants
regulated in raw materials, food products, animal feed, in various veterinary
surveillance facilities and food production facilities requires the development and
implementation of accelerated methods and test systems that simultaneously determine
several safety indicators. The risks associated with the safety of raw materials and
food products can be attributed to contamination by anthropogenic or natural
toxicants. The first include toxic elements, dioxins, synthetic plant growth regulators,
substances used in animal husbandry: medicines (antibacterial, antiparasitic and
hormonal drugs), phosphorus-and-chloroorganic pesticides, etc. To the second - toxins
and metabolites of bacteria, fungi, plants. In order to prevent these risks, the control of
these pollutants is carried out. Solving this problem will help the introduction of
promising and highly effective methods. The aim of the work was to carry out an
experimental and theoretical evaluation of some methods for accelerated control of
anthropogenic and natural toxicants. As a result of the conducted studies, the analysis
of international and Russian legal and regulatory documents on the criteria for the
safety of raw materials and food products is given. The prospects of methods and test
systems based on immunomicrochip technology, immunochromatographic indicator
elements and PCR in "real time" mode with the use of robotics for accelerated control
of anthropogenic and natural toxicants have been experimentally proved. As a result of
the studies, the possibility of determining organophosphorus pesticides and pesticides
from the class of imidazoles in plant foods and water has been demonstrated, based on
the inhibition of acetylcholine-esterase activity with a colorimetric determination of
the final result on a vertical photometer as well as immunomicrochip technology. It
has been shown that immunochromatographic indicator elements with colloidal gold
nanoparticles (IIEC) are promising for screening control of natural toxicants:
microorganisms, toxins of bacteria and fungi. The high sensitivity of the PCR method
in real time mode has been proven, and automation makes it promising for controlling
bacteria in raw materials or products, especially for hard-to-grow or dangerous
microorganisms (salmonella, campylobacteria, causative agents of anthrax,
brucellosis, etc.)
Keywords: toxicants, raw materials, and food products, immunochromatographic
indicator elements, polymerase chain reaction, immunomicrochip method.
1 Introduction
The decree of the President of the Russian Federation "On the
approval of the doctrine of food security" predetermines the
intensive development of food production (Decree No. 120 of
the President of the Russian Federation of 30.01.2010 "On
Approving the Doctrine of Food Security of the Russian
Federation" (Electronic resource) // The President of Russia
(site). URL: http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/6752). At
the same time, it is essential to use high-quality raw materials,
which will preserve health for consumers, and, ultimately, will
ensure the food security of our country.
The safety of raw materials is primarily determined by the
absence of toxic pollutants in it. According to the generally
accepted international terminology (ISO / IEC 2, paragraph 2.5),
the concept "safety is a state in which there is no unacceptable
risk associated with causing harm to the life or health of citizens,
property of individuals or legal entities, state or municipal
property, the environment, life or health of animals and plants".
The risks associated with the safety of raw materials and food
products can be attributed to contamination by anthropogenic or
natural toxicants. The first include toxic elements, dioxins,
synthetic plant growth regulators, substances used in animal
husbandry: medicines (antibacterial, antiparasitic and hormonal
drugs), phosphorus-and-chloroorganic pesticides, etc. To the
second - toxins and metabolites of bacteria, fungi, plants. To
prevent these risks, the control of these pollutants is carried out.
Meat products are one of the most critical elements of the
population's nutrition. The issues of improving methods for
assessing the safety of raw materials and products of animal
origin, as well as the harmonization of safety criteria with
international requirements, are very relevant in the light of
technical regulation and integration processes within the
framework of the Eurasian Union and the WTO.
Currently, the safety criteria are specified in the Technical
Regulations of the Russian Federation and the Customs Union
(TR TS 021/2011 "On the safety of food products" (Electronic
resource) // Rosstandart (Offic. site). URL: http://www.gost.ru/w
ps/portal/pages/directions?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/gost/
gostru/directions/technicalregulation/technicalregulationses/teh
%20reg%20tc%20o%20bez%20pizh%20prod). However, in
them, as well as in the Sanitary Rules and Norms (SanPiN
2.3.2.1078-01), initially not all requirements were fully
harmonized with such international documents as the European
Union Directives and the Codex Alimentarius. It should be noted
that the introduction of the significant additions and changes to
date has not been fully completed.
The most significant group of pollutants are the remains of
agricultural pesticides. This group includes pesticides
(bactericides, fungicides, insecticides, herbicides), fertilizers,
plant growth regulators, plant protection products. Pesticides are
substances of various chemical nature used in agriculture to
protect cultivated plants from weeds, pests, and diseases, among
them: organochlorine, organophosphate, carbamate,
organomercuric, synthetic pyrethroids and copper-bearing
pesticides. Although many of them are currently banned in most
countries, they are produced and used for their intended purpose
in agriculture. It is impossible to abandon the use of pesticides
entirely. Therefore, it is vital to control their production and use,
since they are capable of bioaccumulation in plant foods, they
can later enter the animal organism and then accumulate in the
form of residual quantities in raw materials and animal products.
Studies conducted in several countries have shown the presence
of residual amounts of pesticides in animals and food (Zheltov
VA 2015;Melnikov N.N. 1994; Yaremchuk V.P. Monitoring the
content of pesticides in meat raw materials and 2016).
The international criteria for toxicological safety are established
in the directives of the European Union (EU), Codex
Alimentarius. According to these documents, the content of
antibiotics (levomycetin (chloramphenicol), tetracycline group,
grazing, bacitracin) is not allowed in meat, meat and meat
products, poultry meat and offal); pesticides
(hexachlorocyclohexane (alpha, beta, gamma isomers), DDT and
its metabolites).
Sanitary Rules and Norms "Food raw materials and food
products. Hygienic requirements for the safety and nutritional
value of food products "prescribe that animal products are
controlled by residual amounts of animal growth stimulants
(including hormonal drugs), medicines (including antibiotics)
used in animal husbandry for fattening, treatment, and
prevention of diseases livestock and poultry. According to
Appendix No. 12 SanPin 2.3.2.1078-01 and the documents of
the Joint FAO / WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives and
Contaminants, the maximum levels of residues of veterinary
(zootechnical) preparations in food products of animal origin are
given, where, in particular, the residual amounts of antimicrobial
agents, spectinomycin, neomycin, gentamicin, ceftiofur,
sulfadimidine, flumequine, lincomycin, thiamphenicol,
danofloxacin, spiramycin, sarafloxacin. Remaining quantities of
anthelminthic agents - closantel, ivermectin, flubendazole,
thiabendazole, triclabendazole, levamisole, febantel,
fenbendazole and oxfendazole, moxidectin, doramectin,
abamectin, eprinomectin.
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