AD ALTA
JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
PARTIAL COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS AND READING COMPETENCE OF STUDENTS WITH MILD
INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES
a
BIBIÁNA HLEBOVÁ,
b
JANA KOŽÁROVÁ
Faculty of Education, University of Prešov in Prešov, Str. 17.
novembra 15, Slovak Republic
email:
a
bibiana.hlebova@unipo.sk,
b
jana.kozarova@unipo.sk
Study is the partial outcome of the research project APVV-15-0071 Man with handicap
in the literature for children and youth (2016 – 2020).
Abstract: Aim of the research study is to analyse the relationship between partial
cognitive functions (visual separation – figure/background differentiation, visual
differentiation of shapes, visual memory, auditory separation - figure/background
differentiation, auditory differentiation of speech, auditory memory, intermodal
relations, perception of time sequence) in the context of reading competence
development (reading technique and method, reading comprehension) of 4th grade
pupils with mild intellectual disabilities educated in school integration in the Prešov
region, Slovakia, in which we have followed current level of the variables (reading
competence, partial cognitive functions) in selected research respondents. The
research findings might contribute to the creation of targeted cognitive stimulation
programme in the context of reading competence development of pupils with mild
intellectual disabilities in younger school age.
Keywords: partial cognitive functions, reading competence, a pupil with mild
intellectual disability, school integration.
Intention of the study roots in the current educational issue in
Slovakia, which is related to full-valued and functional education
of students with mild intellectual disabilities in the school
inclusion settings. Our intention is focused on the issue of
reading competence development through the stimulation of
partial cognitive functions, which is a part of curricula of Slovak
language and literature in elementary school (ISCED 1, 2016). It
is necessary in this discourse that a teacher, in a process of
school inclusion, will improve this key competence in pupils
with mild intellectual disabilities as possible and in regard to
current developmental state of their cognitive processes, because
we cannot accept that the development of partial cognitive
functions will be equable in each pupil, resp. that all the partial
cognitive functions will be developed equably, which to a large
extent predict also a level of their academic skills, including
reading. A teacher cannot omit spontaneous individual
development of a pupil with mild intellectual disabilities, which
is delayed, but ongoing and thus predicts his learning potential.
The subject of our interest is searching the way, how to
overcome dysfunctions, which a pupil with mild intellectual
disabilities (MID) in the process of acquiring reading
competence (reading technique and method, reading
comprehension) has. In this regard we formulate the main
objective – analyse the mutual relationship between selected
partial cognitive functions in the context of reading competence
development in pupils with mild intellectual disabilities educated
within the school inclusion in 4th grade of elementary school, in
fulfilling which we based on current level of the variables
(reading competence, partial cognitive functions) in selected
research respondents. Since there have not been noticed any
similarly focused researches, our research findings were
compared with available literature in the end.
1 Cognitive aspects of the reading competence stimulation of
pupils with mild intellectual disabilities
The attributes of cognitive modifiability, respect for a pupil's
potential including the student's complex development, these are
the preconditions standing behind the philosophy of cognitive
education which focuses, besides acquisition of knowledge and
skills in individual learning areas, on the targeted development
of cognitive processes needed by the pupil to master the
curriculum as well as everyday life (Liptáková, 2012;
Kovalčíková, 2010, 2017). It is viewed as a “purposeful and
systematic development of the plasticity of functioning and use
of the “matured” and the yet immature cognitive structures, as
well as the development of future modifiability of thought under
the influence of direct or indirect perception and recognition of
the stimuli coming from the environment” (Kovalčíková, 2010,
p. 38). Leeber (2006) adds that this teaching approach is process-
oriented, i.e. it does not focus on the acquisition of knowledge,
but also on how it is acquired, making this approach different
from the traditional approach of education which is mainly
result-oriented.
Strategies employed by a pupil in reading need to be considered
as well. Of course, these vary depending on whether the reading
is a beginner's reading or advanced reading. The Education
Program for Pupils with MID (ISCED 1, 2009, 2016)
incorporates the option of teaching strategy application into the
learning-how-to-learn competence. Here we should realise that it
is the teacher who drives a pupil to acquire this competence
employing appropriate teaching styles (Terry, 2002; Ewing et
al., 2011).
These pupils allow us to state that cognitive theory has disproved
the outdated hypotheses claiming that pupils with lower intellect
are unable to develop complex thought processes and cognitive
functions. This is also confirmed by Sindelar (2007), Pokorná
(2010), Medina (2012) who advocate the opinion that brain
damage manifested as lower intellect (below-average IQ) does
not necessarily mean that the cognitive processes (attention,
perception, memory) have to be below average as well. On the
contrary, they rather emphasise that partial cognitive functions
predicate and influence school success more than the intellect,
this also applies to the key skill of reading, which is not
dependent primarily on the intellect, but on the development of
cognitive functions. This opinion is also reflected in the research
works of Stanovich (1986), Perfetti & Lesgold (1977, In:
Blachman, 1991), Siegel (1999, In: Pokorná, 2010a), Blachman,
(1984, 1989), Wagner (1986), Wagner & Torgesen (1987),
Williams (1986) (In: Pokorná, 2010a), Feuerstein et al. (2002,
2008).
According to psycho-assessment, in Slovakia as the most
complex method for assessment and remedy is considered the
method Deficits of cognitive functions (Sindelar, adapted by
Černý, 2008), which aim is to recognise in detail, in which
perceptual and cognitive functions a pupil of school age
manifests developmental deficit. This method aims to identify in
detail the perceptual and cognitive functions showing
developmental deficit in the pupil in order to develop an
individualised remedial program, because the pupil does not
suffer from the deficit itself but rather from its effect which
manifests itself in school skills. The methodology offers training
materials elaborated in detail for stimulation of individual partial
cognitive functions respecting the order and succession of the
cognitive development of a pupil (Sindelar, 2008). Different
cognitive processes do not work in isolation but are intensively
interconnected and are exhibited in the form of partial functions
(basic, fundamental functions) in cognitive area. These are
defined by Sindelar (2007, p. 8) as “...basic abilities which allow
differentiation and development of higher mental functions, such
as speech and thought. In the next development, they are
prerequisite for the skills of reading, writing and appropriate
behaviour.” If their development is uneven, i.e. they are
immature and less developed than the others, it results in the so-
called deficits of partial functions. Graichen (1973, In: Pokorná
2010a, p. 95) defines them as a “decreased performance of
individual factors or elements within a larger functional system
which is necessary to master certain complex adaptation
processes.” Sindelar (2007, p. 8) defines them as “weakening of
basic abilities which leads to problems with learning and
behaviour.”
We have been inspired by the method Deficits of partial
functions in creation the cognitive stimulation programme in the
context of reading competence development of pupils with MID
in younger school age. The basis for its creation was
examination of currently achieved level in the dimension of
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