AD ALTA
JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
syllables out, c) adds syllables; understanding – a) reproduces
independently, b) reproduces only with the help of questions, c)
does not understand the text)
Deficits of Partial Functions
(Sindelar, adapted by Černý, 2008)
is designed for the evaluation of partial cognitive functions. The
test assesses the number of mistakes made by the pupil in an
exam. This test contains oral exams, written exams and a
practical exam. It consists of individual sub-tests focusing on:
visual separation (figure/background differentiation) – exercise 9
– pictures, exercise 13 – words; visual differentiation – exercise
5, part 1 – pictures, exercise 5, part 1 – words; visual memory –
exercise 11, part 1 – pictures, exercise 11, part 2 – pictures,
exercise 11, part 3 –
letters; auditory separation
(figure/background differentiation) – exercise 2, part 1 – O,
exercise 2, part 2 – N, exercise 6, part 3 – H, exercise 6, part 4 –
EU; auditory differentiation – exercise 10; auditory memory –
exercise 8, part 1 – sounds, exercise 8, part 2 – words 1, exercise
8, part 3 – words 2, exercise 8, part 4; visual-auditory intermodal
relationship – exercise 14, part 1 – pictures, exercise 14, part 2 –
letters; auditory-visual intermodal relationship – exercise 4, part
1 – words, exercise 4, part 2 – letters; time sequence perception
– visual – exercise 7; time sequence perception – auditory–
exercise 12.
Participants
The research was carried out in elementary schools in the Prešov
Self-governing Region in Slovakia. To verify the research
instruments, we made an intentional selection of the sample – 46
pupils with MID who were educated in the form of school
inclusion in the 4th grade of an elementary school in the Prešov
Self-governing Region, 26 boys (56.52%) and 20 girls (43.48%)
– joined the testing. The testing involved students aged 10 to 12
years. The average age of students was 10.739 years. For
statistical purposes, median at the level of 11 years was,
considering the nature of the data, considered to be the mean
value. The largest group – mode was comprised of students who
had reached 10 years of age. All students (100%) attended the
4th grade of an elementary school, and for 26 of them (78.26%)
it was the 4th year of school attendance and for 10 of them
(21.74%) it was the 5th year of school attendance.
3 Results
3.1 Reading Competence of the Pupils with Mild Intellectual
disability
Looking at the reading method of the pupils in the sample group
allows us to state that their reading method is heterogeneous.
According to the Education Program for Pupils with Mild
Intellectual Disability (ISCED 1, 2009), 4th graders should be
able to read short texts (in the area of reading technique)
correctly and they should be able to comprehend the texts. What
is more, they should already be training proper accent and
natural intonation. However, the results (table 1) reveal that only
54.35% of the pupils have attained the fluent reading level, while
41.30% of the pupils utilise spelling in reading which should not
occur by now in this grade. Double reading continues to be
present in 47.83% of the pupils, whereas as many as 56.52% of
the pupils guess words during reading and 26.09% of the pupils
leave words out when reading.
A more detailed analysis of the mistakes in the reading technique
and reading method revealed that dissimilar letters are confused
by as many as 67.39% of the pupils; similarly, shaped letters are
confused by 32.61% of the pupils; and 8.70% of the pupils
confuse acoustically similar letters. Mistakes were also noted in
adding letters, which occurred in 26.09% of the pupils, while
34.78% of the pupils left letters out. Syllables were confused by
10.87% of the pupils; 32.61% left syllables out; and 23.91% of
the pupils added syllables, which is illustrated in table 2.
The deficits found in the reading method and the mistakes in
reading technique of the pupils reflect insufficient acquisition of
the reading comprehension skill, when only 26.09% of the pupils
(12 pupils) of the total count were able to reproduce the text
independently; 30.43% of the pupils (14 pupils) could reproduce
the text with the help of questions; as many as 43.48% (20
pupils) did not understand the text read (more details in table 3).
As regards reading duration, we found out that the average
reading duration was 246.48 seconds. Since the data was not
normally distributed (p<0.005), the median which reached
168.50 seconds was taken as the mean value. The shortest time
measured was 56.00 seconds, the longest 601.00 seconds. Based
on the above data we can say that approximately 2/3 of the
pupils read in a time span ranging from 56.00 to 340.17 seconds.
The average number of correctly read words was 66.70 words
(out of the maximum 81 words). In the statistical processing of
the number of correctly read words, the median (Med) reaching
the level of 75 words was, considering the nature of data, taken
as the mean value. The lowest number of correctly read words
was 18, the highest 81 words. The average number of mistakes
pupils made was 14.89. The median – 7 is taken as the mean
value since the p-value calculated by the Anderson-Darling
normality test is less than α = 0.05. Not a single mistake has
been observed with 6 pupils, the maximum number of mistakes
was 65 (noticed with 1 student). The standard deviation is 18.27.
3.2 Partial Cognitive Functions of the Pupils with Mild
Intellectual Disabilities
Relationship between Reading Competence and Partial
Cognitive Functions
In order to be able to purposefully stimulate reading competence,
we first need to know the cognitive determinants influencing it.
Having collected the data above, we can now sink into
evaluation and analysis of the relationships between the
variables observed. The independent variable – reading
competence – we measured was divided into the following areas:
reading method, mistakes in reading technique, reading
comprehension, and these areas were observed within this
variable (considering the extent of the data collected, only the
most significant data is provided). These measurable categories
were then analysed in relation to the selected dependent
variables, namely partial cognitive functions (considering the
extent of the data collected, only the most significant data is
provided). If the data entering statistical evaluation was not
normally distributed, the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U-test
was used to compare the groups. If the data was normally
distributed, we used the parametric t-test. The calculated p-value
in both tests was lower than 0.05, so there is a statistically
significant difference between the analysed groups.
Relationship between Reading Competence – Reading
Method and Partial Cognitive Functions
In the evaluation of the independent variable – reading method –
the following categories were observed: spells, leaves words out,
guesses words, double reading, fluent reading.
Based on the data provided in table 5, and the calculated p-value,
it can be noted that pupils who employed spelling method in
their reading (41.3% of the pupils) made more mistakes to a
statistically significant extent in the areas of tactile perception
and kinaesthetic sense (p=0.001), auditory separation
(figure/background differentiation) (p=0.000), auditory
differentiation of speech (p=0.038), auditory memory (p=0.001),
visual separation (figure/background differentiation) (p=0.032),
visual differentiation of shapes (p=0.008), two-dimensional
spatial orientation (p=0.007), time sequence perception – visual
(p=0.013), time sequence perception – auditory (p=0.000) than
the students who did not employ spelling method during their
reading (58.7% of the pupils). Based on the results we can
reason that this area is not directly related to visual memory
(p=0.631); however, all the more is it dependent on the other
tiers of visual perception (visual separation, visual
differentiation). Furthermore, a statistically significant difference
was not confirmed in the area of spatial orientation – body
scheme (p=0.188), auditory-visual (p=0.174) and visual-auditory
intermodal relationship (p=0.070).
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