AD ALTA
JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
with SEN students achieved an average score of AM=4.64
(Me=5), teachers who do not have such experience showed an
AM=3.83 (Me=4). A weak statistically significant difference has
been found in the perceived professional ability to manage
students' behaviour (p=0.049). Teachers with SEN experience
achieved a higher average score (AM=5.11, Me=5) than teachers
without experience (AM=4.88, Me=5).
Table 5: perceived professional ability to perform inclusive practice in terms of the SEN students’ presence in the classroom
Perceived professional ability to
perform an inclusive practice
Perceived professional ability to
use inclusive instructions
Perceived professional
ability to cooperate
Perceived professional ability to
manage students’ behaviour
SEN pupil in the classroom
Yes
N
1093
1093
1093
AM
4.83
4.63
5.09
SD
0.681
0.898
0.892
Me
5
5
5
Min
1
1
1
Max
6
6
6
No
N
123
123
123
AM
4.83
4.33
5.17
SD
0.580
0.830
0.834
Me
5
4
5
Min
3
2
2
Max
6
6
6
Mann Whitney U test
66417.000
52102.500
64087.500
P-value
.828
.000***
.392
Explanatory notes: AM – arithmetic mean, Me – Median, SD – standard deviation, Min – minimum value, Max – maximum value
Used scale: 1 - strongly disagree, 2 – disagree, 3 - slightly disagree, 4 - slightly agree, 5 – agree, 6 - strongly agree
The results in T5 point to a statistically significant difference in
the perception of professional ability (to perform an inclusive
practise) between teachers who have an SEN student (students)
in the classroom (AM=4.63; Me=5), and teachers who do not
have an SEN student in the classroom (AM=4.33; Me=4).
4 Discussion
Several foreign studies measured teacher effectiveness in
inclusive classes using a research instrument developed for
examination of inclusive practices (Park, Dimitrov, Das
Cardona-Molto, Ticha & Abery, 2020; Sharma & Sokal, 2013;
MacDonald, 2015; Yada & Savolainen, 2017; Miesera, DeVries,
Jugjohann & Gebhardt, 2018). If teachers want to effectively
implement inclusive procedures, they must have a high self-
assessment of their ability in teaching SEN students, which
testifies to their beliefs, i.e. a belief that they can influence how
successful these students will be in the educational process
(Vanderloon, 2020). The study presents the results of research
on perceived professional ability for inclusive practice, which
are in terms of socio-demographic variables categorized into the
following areas: type of school where respondents currently
work, career level of pedagogical staff, personal experience with
SEN student, current presence of SEN student in the classroom.
Special school teachers and special teachers at mainstream
schools are assessed as proficient in all three areas: perceived
professional ability to use inclusive instructions, perceived
professional ability for cooperation, perceived professional
ability in managing pupils’ behaviour. Teachers may feel more
confident in these areas due to better preparation for working
with SEN students. This is because the theoretical, as well as
practical undergraduate training of special pedagogues and
teachers at special schools focused mainly on SEN students. The
successful implementation of inclusive procedures in education
is supported by the knowledge and skills of teachers acquired
during undergraduate training in the field of inclusion, i.e.
inclusive education, as confirmed by Hecht, Petra & Aiello,
Paola & Pace, Erika & Sibilio, Maurizio (2017). Beuse, Merz-
Atalik and O Brien (2016), Sharma and Jacobs (2016) perceive
the theoretical and practical experience gained during
undergraduate training as one of the most important factors
necessary for successful use of inclusive procedures. The
research by Koppa (2009) pointed out that workshops about
inclusion during undergraduate training positively increase the
attitudes towards inclusive education.
De Boer et.al. (2011) suggests that based on this research,
practice in inclusive classrooms (classrooms with one or more
SEN students) should be included in the undergraduate training
of teachers and special pedagogues. The mentioned authors
discovered that pedagogical practice implemented within the
undergraduate training increases positive attitudes towards
inclusive procedures of future teachers, which can also increase
the effectiveness of the inclusive procedures’ use in their future
pedagogical practice.
Teachers with the first attestation and teachers with the second
attestation perceive a higher level of professional ability for
cooperation than their colleagues at lower career levels
(beginning and proficient teachers). A higher career level in
pedagogic staff implies longer teaching practice and more
educational experience gained by performing the activities
associated with improving one's career level, according to the
rules for pedagogic staff professional development (Regulation
of The Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sport of
the Slovak Republic no. 361/2019). Professionally more skilled
teachers have higher levels of the perception of self-efficacy for
cooperation with other experts, e.g. to create individual
educational plans for SEN students, for cooperation with SEN
students’ parents, as well as implementing various strategies of
students’ assessment and evaluation. Teachers at a higher career
level have a higher score in self-efficacy in cooperation which
can be derived only from the non-confirmed assumption that
they are more professionally experienced, more informed and are
better at cooperation with experts which has been acquired
through practice. This is also confirmed by the research of Burke
and Sutherland (2004) Dessemontet et.al. (2011) which focused
on personal variables such as age, pedagogic experience,
teachers’ opinions.
Teacher’s personal experience with SEN students increases the
self-perception of pedagogic staff in all three areas relevant to
the professional ability for inclusive practise. This is supported
by studies of Olli-Pekka Malinen et.al. (2013), which conclude
that personal experience with teaching SEN students is one of
the strongest predictors of self-efficacy. Lanfranchi, Moalli and
Pulina (2015) in their study also confirmed that personal
experience, as well as the actual presence of SEN students,
increases the self-perception in all three areas needed for use of
inclusive procedures. It supports the assumption that teachers
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