AD ALTA 

 

JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH

 

 

 

with SEN students achieved an average score of AM=4.64 
(Me=5), teachers who do not have such experience showed an 
AM=3.83 (Me=4). A weak statistically significant difference has 
been found in the perceived professional ability to manage 
students' behaviour (p=0.049). Teachers with SEN experience 

achieved a higher average score (AM=5.11, Me=5) than teachers 
without experience (AM=4.88, Me=5).  

 

 
Table 5: perceived professional ability to perform inclusive practice in terms of the SEN students’ presence in the classroom 

Perceived professional ability to 

perform an inclusive practice 

Perceived professional ability to 

use inclusive instructions 

Perceived professional 

ability to cooperate 

Perceived professional ability to 

manage students’ behaviour 

SEN pupil in the classroom 

Yes 

 

1093 

1093 

1093 

AM 

4.83 

4.63 

5.09 

SD 

0.681 

0.898 

0.892 

Me 

Min 

Max 

No 

 

123 

123 

123 

AM 

4.83 

4.33 

5.17 

SD 

0.580 

0.830 

0.834 

Me 

Min 

Max 

Mann Whitney U test 

66417.000 

52102.500 

64087.500 

P-value 

.828 

.000*** 

.392 

Explanatory notes: AM – arithmetic mean, Me – Median, SD – standard deviation, Min – minimum value, Max – maximum value 
Used scale: 1 - strongly disagree, 2 – disagree, 3 - slightly disagree, 4 - slightly agree, 5 – agree, 6 - strongly agree 
 
The results in T5 point to a statistically significant difference in 
the perception of professional ability (to perform an inclusive 
practise) between teachers who have an SEN student (students) 
in the classroom (AM=4.63; Me=5), and teachers who do not 
have an SEN student in the classroom (AM=4.33; Me=4).  

4 Discussion 

Several foreign studies measured teacher effectiveness in 
inclusive classes using a research instrument developed for 
examination of inclusive practices (Park, Dimitrov, Das 
Cardona-Molto, Ticha & Abery, 2020; Sharma & Sokal, 2013; 
MacDonald, 2015; Yada & Savolainen, 2017; Miesera, DeVries, 
Jugjohann & Gebhardt, 2018). If teachers want to effectively 
implement inclusive procedures, they must have a high self-
assessment of their ability in teaching SEN students, which 
testifies to their beliefs, i.e. a belief that they can influence how 
successful these students will be in the educational process 
(Vanderloon, 2020). The study presents the results of research 
on perceived professional ability for inclusive practice, which 
are in terms of socio-demographic variables categorized into the 
following areas: type of school where respondents currently 
work, career level of pedagogical staff, personal experience with 
SEN student, current presence of SEN student in the classroom. 
Special school teachers and special teachers at mainstream 
schools are assessed as proficient in all three areas: perceived 
professional ability to use inclusive instructions, perceived 
professional ability for cooperation, perceived professional 
ability in managing pupils’ behaviour. Teachers may feel more 
confident in these areas due to better preparation for working 
with SEN students. This is because the theoretical, as well as 
practical undergraduate training of special pedagogues and 
teachers at special schools focused mainly on SEN students. The 
successful implementation of inclusive procedures in education 
is supported by the knowledge and skills of teachers acquired 
during undergraduate training in the field of inclusion, i.e. 
inclusive education, as confirmed by Hecht, Petra & Aiello, 
Paola & Pace, Erika & Sibilio, Maurizio (2017). Beuse, Merz-
Atalik and O Brien (2016), Sharma and Jacobs (2016) perceive 
the theoretical and practical experience gained during 
undergraduate training as one of the most important factors 
necessary for successful use of inclusive procedures. The 
research by Koppa (2009) pointed out that workshops about 
inclusion during undergraduate training positively increase the 
attitudes towards inclusive education. 

De Boer et.al. (2011) suggests that based on this research, 
practice in inclusive classrooms (classrooms with one or more 
SEN students) should be included in the undergraduate training 
of teachers and special pedagogues. The mentioned authors 
discovered that pedagogical practice implemented within the 
undergraduate training increases positive attitudes towards 
inclusive procedures of future teachers, which can also increase 
the effectiveness of the inclusive procedures’ use in their future 
pedagogical practice. 

Teachers with the first attestation and teachers with the second 
attestation perceive a higher level of professional ability for 
cooperation than their colleagues at lower career levels 
(beginning and proficient teachers). A higher career level in 
pedagogic staff implies longer teaching practice and more 
educational experience gained by performing the activities 
associated with improving one's career level, according to the 
rules for pedagogic staff professional development (Regulation 
of The Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sport of 
the Slovak Republic no. 361/2019). Professionally more skilled 
teachers have higher levels of the perception of self-efficacy for 
cooperation with other experts, e.g. to create individual 
educational plans for SEN students, for cooperation with SEN 
students’ parents, as well as implementing various strategies of 
students’ assessment and evaluation. Teachers at a higher career 
level have a higher score in self-efficacy in cooperation which 
can be derived only from the non-confirmed assumption that 
they are more professionally experienced, more informed and are 
better at cooperation with experts which has been acquired 
through practice. This is also confirmed by the research of Burke 
and Sutherland (2004) Dessemontet et.al. (2011) which focused 
on personal variables such as age, pedagogic experience, 
teachers’ opinions. 

Teacher’s personal experience with SEN students increases the 
self-perception of pedagogic staff in all three areas relevant to 
the professional ability for inclusive practise. This is supported 
by studies of Olli-Pekka Malinen et.al. (2013), which conclude 
that personal experience with teaching SEN students is one of 
the strongest predictors of self-efficacy. Lanfranchi, Moalli and 
Pulina (2015) in their study also confirmed that personal 
experience, as well as the actual presence of SEN students, 
increases the self-perception in all three areas needed for use of 
inclusive procedures. It supports the assumption that teachers 

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