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JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
story, which presupposes the continuity of life, is realized
through the cyclicality of narration or various crossings in time
schedules. The world of the living beings, under changes, is thus
immediately confronted with a mythical eternity.” (64-65)
Allende's poetics is characterized by a creative approach to
different layers of reality, where the memory is a common
thematic denominator of almost all works. The author applies the
material of dreams and memories; the implementation of the
indigenous element allows her to create the atmosphere of
magic, miracle, mystery, but also astonishment or tension.
Similarly, to the works by García Márquez, the fictional world
emanates from oral culture, more precisely from folk folklore,
but also from a thorough and curious observation of the
surrounding world. Narration in her artistic interpretation
signifies the continuity of life and the life itself: through it
“shapes reality, creates and transforms the world” (Correas
Zapata, 1998, 17). As she claims, the coding of a story into
writing is “an organic need, like a dream or motherhood. Talk
and talk ... is the only thing I want to do”. In this way, she
simultaneously fulfils the words of Hélène Cixous from the
manifesto The Laugh of the Medusa (1975): “A woman must be
written down: she must write about women and she must lead
women to write[...]. A woman must incorporate herself into the
text - just as she must incorporate herself - on her own initiative
- into the world, into history” (1995, 12; Cviková, 2014, 123).
Writing about women, in Allende's works about the beings from
different worlds, is an artistic reconstruction of the collective
memory co-created together. The author sought for inspiration
and impulses for the magical side of her story from the narrative
of oral culture: her grandmother taught her to interpret dreams,
her mother taught her to look at events from behind and look at
people from inside, the maids in her grandfather's house initiated
her into the world of myths and folk legends and they also taught
her to listen to radio series (cf. Correas Zapata, 1998: 16). This
memory, which extends to the collective unconscious, is realized
in the novel by the character of nurse Nana, who deals with the
family problems in a way that is superstitious in her mind, but
also in the unusual beauty of Rosa and her almost destructive
effect on men, in the extraordinary large tablecloth with motifs
of unseen mythological animals, which Rosa embroiders, but
also in Clara's ability to predict the future, communicate with the
next world or even live after death. Clara and Rosa from The
House of the Spirits move very naturally between materialized
reality and the misty, vague world of some supernatural nature.
The "miraculous" memory and smell, discovered by Eliza
Sommers in the novel Daughter of Fortune, thanks to the
indigenous cook Mom Fresia and her impulse, are a subtle part
of the whole story on the search for freedom. Although at first
glance Aurora del Valle, the main character of Portrait in Sepia,
is a more real character, the ability to capture things that pass
through the camera lens also transports her to another reality
layer, the layer of senses, sensations, memory that reveals the
most hidden desires of a human soul. The presence of oral
culture in literature is also useful regarding the concept of folk
memory (memoria popular), which reflects the encounter of the
archaic with the new, the traditional with the modern. Gabriel
Cocimano (2006, 24) brings closer the context of Latin
American oral tradition: this ancient memory coexists with new
narratives, while oral codes bring to life, reconstruct a strong
sense of community (among heterogeneous folk sectors). From
that point of view, orality can be therefore understood as an
important part of the collective memory and as the 'primary
cultural experience of majority' (24) but also as a constant
phenomenon with a strong identity, which was confirmed in her
relation to scripting culture and in response to the challenges of
modern digitization.
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However, the radio novels also accompany the characters in the novel De amor y de
sombra (1984). Rosa, a cook and babysitter with indigenous roots, through them
learns how difficult and painful is the path to happiness (cf. Allende, 1992, 19); for
Digna Ranquileo, from night to night they become an imaginary journey into a distant
and unknown world that this rural woman understood only a little (22).
3 Memory and Testimonial Narrative
Aleida Assmann reflects on literature in the background of social
and historical scope, especially pointing out the ability of
literature to thematize what has been forgotten and what has not
been deliberately taken into account, what attributes her the
ability to seek and create new narrative processes and, through
them, to reflect the traumatic experiences of the past. Italo Svevo
(1861 - 1928), the Italian novelist quoted by this German
theorist, associated the past with a surprising attribute.
According to him, the past is always new: “as life progresses, the
past changes because those parts of it that once seemed lost in
oblivion come to the surface, and others disappear [because they
are no longer important]” (Assmann, 20, 2018). Svevo's words
confirm the one’s memory being an important and current key
for looking at memory.
In the history of several Hispanic American countries, and
smaller communities within them, such as families and then their
individual members, the experience of dictatorship resonates
through this prism. Literary texts are a medium that allows the
event of a dictatorship to be reflected, to make people aware of
forgotten stories, to preserve the memory of those who have
been relentlessly lost, to appeal to future generations so that the
tragedy of the past would not be repeated. However, as Tzvetan
Todorov claims, “the past as such will not teach us a lesson. [...]
The act itself is not an impulse to learn any lessons. We are those
who give sense to the events, when we incorporate them in a
broader context, when we ask questions, when we give some
value to them ... This is how we can express an opinion.”
(Mattis, Todorov, 2007). A person, a group of people and a
nation can change the angle of view on a memory, namely based
on will, need or reason, they may want to remember it as part of
their history, more precisely life story, or even displace it. At
that time, according to Aleida Assmann, memory affects their
individual or collective identity (cf. Hromová Burcinová, 2019,
139).
The testimonial narrative, which was developed in Hispanic
American literature in the mid-1960s of the 20
th
century, and
which has a relatively hybrid character in terms of genre, is
basically viewed by one unequivocal opinion, which as it comes
from its attribute is connected to the narrative, and moreover it
contains the confidence in the power of literature. According to
Argentine prose writer Elsa Osorio (1952), “literature [...] can
touch the truth more deeply than direct testimony.” (Goldkorn,
2014). Language further "helps us to formulate concepts,
imaginations about absent things, about the past and the future"
and literature, for which it is a creative tool, can and should be
the space for social dialogue, a signal of truth, “a means of
justification and criticism, beliefs and attitudes”
(Maturkanič,
2018, 77).
The testimonial narrative strengthens the memory of the
community. According to Halbwachs, confidence in the
accuracy of memories is bigger if except for our own memories,
we can rely on the memories of other people: “As if the process
of remembering is reinforced by the fact that the same
experience is again experienced not by the same person, but by
more people at the same time.” (2009, 50- 51) Although people
may experience and remember different situations in relation to
the same event, the act of 'collective thinking and remembering'
(51) is proved to be important.
Astrid Erll summarizes several functions of literary texts when
researching the relationship between collective memory and
literature: “They fulfil a multitude of mnemonic functions, such
as the imaginative creation of past life-worlds, the transmission
of images of history, the negotiation of competing memories,
and the reflection about processes and problems of cultural
memory.” (2011, 144) Similarly, Brigit Neumann argues that
memory and remembrance processes have always been an
important, if not dominant, topic in literary work: “Numerous
texts portray how individuals and groups remember their past
and how they construct identities on the basis of the recollected
memories.” (Erll, Nünning, 2008, 333)
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