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JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
moral-worldview orientation, CNO = conformity orientation
CVO = conversation orientation).
Table 2 presents the results of analyses of the relationship
between the observed characteristics of the family environment
and the observed risky forms of behavior in early adolescents/
pubescents.
As a part of the verification of our scientific assumptions for
cohesion and risky forms of behavior in pubescents, we found
the existence of a statistically significant negative relationship
with substance use (r=-0.172; p=0.004), delinquency (r=-0.230;
p<.001), perception of self as a victim of bullying (r=-0.213;
p<.001). The higher the perceived cohesion of family members,
the less risky behavior in the form of drug use, delinquent
behavior and self-perception a victim of bullying is represented
in pubescents.
As part of the verification of our scientific assumptions based on
expressiveness and risky forms of behavior in pubescents, we
found the existence of a statistically significant negative
relationship with substance use (r=-0.116; p=0.049), delinquency
(r=-0.145; p=0.014).
If pubescents perceive higher
expressiveness within the family, they less use drug and manifest
delinquent behavior.
As part of the verification of our scientific assumptions related to
conflict and risky forms of behavior in pubescents, we found the
existence of a statistically significant positive relationship with
substance use (r=0.149; p=0.011); delinquency (r=0.288;
p<.001) as well as perception of self as a victim of bullying
(r=0.301; p <.001). We found that the higher the family conflict
perceived by pubescents, the riskier is their drug use, the more
delinquent behaviors they represent in their behavior, and the
higher their perception of themselves as the victims of bullying.
As part of the verification of our scientific assumptions related to
family organization and risky forms of behavior in pubescents,
we found the existence of a statistically significant negative
relationship with drug use (r=-0.254; p <.001), delinquency (r=-
0.300; p<.001) and bullying - perception of self as a victim of
bullying (r=-0.146; p=0.013). We found that the higher the
family organization is perceived by pubescents, the less their use
of addictive substances, delinquent behavior and perception of
themselves as victims of bullying.
As part of the verification of our scientific assumptions related to
family control and risky forms of behavior in pubescents, we did
not find the existence of a statistically significant negative
relationship with any type of risky behavior.
As part of the verification of our scientific assumptions related to
family orientation to conversation and risky forms of behavior in
pubescents, we found the existence of a statistically significant
negative relationship with drug use in pubescents (r=-0.171; p
=.004), with delinquent behavior (r=-0.159; p=.007) and with the
perception of themselves as a victim of bullying (r=-0.121;
p=.040). We found that the higher the perceived orientation of
family members to conversation within the family by
pubescents, the less their use of addictive substances, delinquent
behavior and perception of themselves as victims of bullying.
In the area of other relationships between the observed
characteristics of the family environment and the monitored risk
forms of behavior, we identified the following statistically
significant relationships:
moderately negative relationship between intellectual and
cultural orientation of the family and substance use in
adolescents (r=-0.169; p=0.004);
weak negative relationship between intellectual-cultural
orientation of the family and delinquency (r = -0.139;
p=0.018);
weak positive relationship between independence in the
family environment and drug use in pubescents (r=0.152;
p=0.010);
weak negative relationship between moral-worldview
orientation of the family and delinquency of pubescents (r=-
0.143; p=0.015);
moderately negative relationship between the moral-
worldview orientation of the family and the perception of
self as a victim of bullying in pubescents (r = -0.185; p =
0.002).
4 Discussion and Conclusion
According to our conclusions, characteristics of the family
environment
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cohesion, expressiveness, organization,
conversation orientation, conflict, intellectual-cultural
orientation and independence have significant connection with
drug use among pubescents. The family characteristic
"cohesion" within the meaning of the expression of interest,
support, and assistance among family members has proved to be
significant in relation to substance use, which supports the
conclusions of Oravcová, Ďuricová and Bindasová (2007) and
Matilla et.al. (2010). The more cohesive family members are, the
lower the risk of drug use and misuse among adolescents is.
Oravcová, Ďuricová and Bindasová (2007), Habib et.al. (2010),
Hessler and Katz (2010) emphasized the importance of the
ability to manage and express the emotional expressions of
individuals in relation to drug use, which is clearly linked to the
characteristics of the family environment "expressiveness"
within the meaning of open manifestations of emotions and
allowing honest behavior among family members. Emotional
manifestations are very important in the family; their presence
contributes to the reduction of risky drug use among adolescents.
The family characteristics "organization" within the meaning of
clearly defined responsibilities and rules has also proved to be
significant in relation to drug use among the age cohort of
pubescents. The bigger order and organization of the family
rules are, the less the likelihood of the occurrence of these risk
behaviors is. Our finding is in accordance with the authors of
Habib et.al. (2010) write about the importance of high
organization of the family environment in terms of lower alcohol
consumption. The family characteristic "conversational
orientation" within the meaning of open communication about
children's activities during the day, goals for the future, feelings
and emotions, non-specific topics, or issues, for example, related
to school has proved to be important in relation to drug use
among pubescent. The more parents communicate and discuss
with their children, showing them respect and esteem for their
opinions, the lower the risk of drug use is. The importance of
communication in the family was also expressed by the authors
Ryan, Roman, and Okwany (2015). In relation to drug use
among pubescents, we found out the importance of the family
characteristic "intellectual-cultural orientation". The more family
members focus on activities of a social, intellectual, cultural, or
political nature, the lower the risk of the occurrence of risky drug
use is. The family characteristic "conflict" within the meaning
of open manifestations of aggression, anger, and conflicting
interactions between family members has proved to be
significant in relation to drug use among pubescents. The higher
family conflict represents a high risk of the occurrence of this
form of risky behavior among pubescents. Our conclusions
support the findings of Hušvétyová and Sarmány Schuller
(2004). Regarding the characteristics of the family environment
"independence" and its link to drug use, we found out, that the
more family members make decisions for themselves and be
exclusively self-sufficient in solving their problems, the greater
risk of emergence of pubescent drug use is. "Control" as another
characteristic of the family environment within the meaning of
the degree of control between family members has proved to be
insignificant in our research in relation to drug use among
pubescents. In this regard, we did not support the findings of
Ryan, Roman, and Okwany (2015). This discrepancy in the
findings may be related to differences in the nature of the
control. Ondrušková, Pružinská, and Pavelová (2016) write
about the fact that parents control especially their children's
leisure time, while the items related to control in our
questionnaire were related to control among family members
only within their family environment, and therefore not to
activities that perform pubescent voluntarily outside the family.
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